Amerika uslubidagi kiyimlar
But before the mid-20th century, U.S. apparel firms mostly copied French styles for the American market. The war years made communication with Europe difficult, and Americans began to appreciate their homegrown talent. As women started enjoying leisure activities in the early to mid-20th century, American designers developed sportswear to meet their needs, and that demand has continued well into the 21st century, with American sportswear becoming a global phenomenon.
Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlari madaniyati: urf-odatlar, urf-odatlar, musiqa, kiyim-kechak
The Amerika madaniyati bu dunyodagi eng nufuzli narsalardan biri. Ushbu mamlakatning ko’pgina urf-odatlari va urf-odatlari boshqa mintaqalarga tarqaldi va boshqa mamlakatlarning kundalik hayotiga aylandi. Musiqa, Xellouin va Rojdestvo kabi tantanalar bu mamlakat targ’ib qilgan va chetlab o’tgan ba’zi an’analardir.
Rasmiy ravishda Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlari deb ataladigan Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlari 50 shtatdan iborat federal respublikadir. Uning aholisi ko’p madaniyatli va juda xilma-xildir. Shimoliy Amerika hududi uyg’ongan global immigratsiya natijasida uning hududida turli mamlakatlar, irqlar, etnik va madaniy guruhlar birlashadi.
Hozirgi kunda u eng yosh davlatlardan biri bo’lishiga qaramay dunyodagi asosiy iqtisodiy kuchlardan biri hisoblanadi, chunki mustaqil mamlakat sifatida 250 yildan ozroq vaqtga ega. U bugungi kunda dunyo iqtisodiy mahsulotining taxminan beshdan birini ishlab chiqarishga qodir.
Qo’shma Shtatlar katta ta’sir ko’rsatuvchi boshqa sohalardan biri bu san’at dunyosidir. Teatr, musiqa va kino kabi sohalarda ushbu mamlakat milliy va xalqaro bozorda juda keng va mustahkam sanoat sohasiga ega. Ular dunyodagi asosiy film ishlab chiqaruvchi mamlakatlardan biri.
Boshqa tomondan, musiqa sanoati ham eng yaxshi mavqega ega. Shu tarzda Qo’shma Shtatlar dunyodagi ko’plab rassomlarning beshigi va katapultasiga aylandi.
Boshqa tomondan, sport amerikaliklar uchun eng qadrli sevimli mashg’ulotlardan biridir. Basketbol, futbol, xokkey va boshqalar mamlakatning an’anaviy sport ehtiroslari bo’lib, ular odatiy mashg’ulot orqali ham, tomoshabin sifatida ham, fanatizm orqali ham kundalik hayotning bir qismidir. Sport shuningdek, mamlakat ichkarisida yuqori darajada rivojlangan sanoat tarmoqlaridan biri sifatida namoyon bo’ladi.
An’analar
Qo’shma Shtatlarda mamlakatning asosiy an’analariga aylangan ba’zi esdalik sanalari mavjud. Ushbu bayramlarning bir nechtasi xalqaro madaniyatga ta’sir o’tkazishga muvaffaq bo’ldi, shuning uchun ham ular dunyoning turli burchaklarida nishonlanadi. Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlari madaniyati bugungi kunda dunyodagi eng nufuzli madaniyatlardan biri hisoblanadi.
4 iyul, Mustaqillik kuni
Bu Qo’shma Shtatlarning eng muhim bayramlaridan biri bo’lib, milliy darajada nishonlanadi. Mustaqillik kunini nishonlashning boshlanishi 18-asrda, xususan Amerika inqilobi davrida boshlangan bo’lsa-da, 1941 yildan beri bu bayramlarning bir qismi.
1776 yil 4-iyulda, Kontinental Kongress mustaqillik uchun ovoz berganidan so’ng, 13 koloniyadan kelgan delegatlar Tomas Jefferson tomonidan tuzilgan Mustaqillik Deklaratsiyasini qabul qildilar. Shu vaqtdan boshlab, shu kun davomida butun mamlakat bo’ylab ommaviy tadbirlar va oilaviy yig’ilishlar bilan partiyalar tashkil etiladi.
Hozirgi kunda tantanalar ulkan salyut, pikniklar, oilaviy barbekyu, konsertlar va hattoki ba’zi siyosiy chiqishlarni o’z ichiga oladi. Boshqa tomondan, jamoat joylarining bezaklari ham bayroq ranglari bilan amalga oshiriladi: qizil, ko’k va oq.
Halloween
Bu har 31 oktyabrda nishonlanadigan bayramdir. Bu Qo’shma Shtatlarning rasmiy bayramlarining bir qismi emas, ammo bu mamlakatda va dunyoda juda mashhur an’anadir.
Xellouin kelt madaniyatidan kelib chiqadi, xususan 1000 yildan ko’proq vaqtni tashkil etadigan “Samxeyn” bayramidan. Ushbu madaniyat uchun yangi yil noyabr oyining birinchi kunida nishonlandi.
Ularning e’tiqodlariga ko’ra, bu tiriklar va o’liklar dunyosi o’rtasidagi chegara buzilgan yilning vaqti edi. Ushbu kun yozning oxiri va qishning boshlanishi, ko’pincha sovuq va o’lim bilan bog’liq bo’lgan mavsumni belgilab qo’ydi.
31 oktabrga o’tar kechasi “Samxeyn” nishonlandi, o’sha paytda arvohlar erga qaytib keldi deb o’ylashdi. Dastlab katta gulxan yoqilgan va odamlar hayvonlarning boshlari va terilari bilan tikilgan kiyimlarni kiyishgan.
Keyinchalik, boshqa madaniyatlar o’zlarining bayramlarini o’zgartiradilar yoki ushbu kelt an’analari bilan birlashtirdilar. 20-asrning 20-yillaridan boshlab Qo’shma Shtatlarda Xellouin dunyoviy bayramga aylandi.
Hozirgi kunda odamlar, ayniqsa, bolalar va o’spirinlar kiyinib, aldash yoki davolash, kostyumlar uchun kechalar va boshqa tadbirlarni amalga oshirmoqdalar.
Shukur kuni
Bu Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlarida rasmiy ta’til vaqti bo’lib, odamlar ko’pincha ishdan yoki maktabdan yil muborakligini nishonlash uchun bir-ikki kun dam olishadi. Ushbu an’ana 1621 yilda “ziyoratchilar” deb nomlanuvchi bir guruh yevropaliklar mahalliy aholi bilan birga ziyofat uyushtirgan voqeadan kelib chiqadi.
Minnatdorchilik kuni bayrami Amerika erlarida hosilni yig’ib olishning yaxshi paytlarini yodga oldi. O’z navbatida, bu evropaliklarga hosilni etishtirishning samarali usullarini topishda yordam bergan mahalliy aholi uchun katta minnatdorchilik shakli edi.
Bayram an’anaviy ravishda oilaviy yig’ilishlardan iborat bo’lib, unda katta ziyofat bo’lib, odatiy retseptlar – kurka, to’ldirilgan non, kartoshka va oshqovoq pirogi.
Maqsadlar o’tgan yil uchun minnatdorchilik bildirish va yaqinlaringiz bilan vaqt o’tkazishdan iborat. Shuningdek, Rojdestvo mavsumi boshlanishi amerikaliklar uchun minnatdorchilik kuni.
Xotira kuni
Vatan uchun xizmat qilishda jonini bergan barcha halok bo’lgan askarlarga bag’ishlangan xotira kuni. Uning kelib chiqishi Amerika fuqarolar urushi yoki fuqarolar urushidan kelib chiqqan, ehtimol 60-yillarda.
Birinchi bosqichda ma’lum bo’lgan Kunni bezang, bu davrda tug’ilgan vafot etgan askarlarning qabrlarini gullar bilan bezash va ular ustida ibodat qilishdan iborat bo’lgan urf-odat tufayli.
O’sha paytdan boshlab ushbu an’ana butun mamlakatga tarqaldi. Birinchi Jahon urushi kabi boshqa jangovar to’qnashuvlardan so’ng, Xotira kuni Qo’shma Shtatlarga xizmat qilishning har qanday sharoitida halok bo’lgan askarlarni ulug’lashga bag’ishlangan voqea bo’lib qoldi, bu endi fuqarolar urushi xotirasi bilan cheklanib qolmadi.
Ayni paytda Xotira kuni may oyining so’nggi dushanbasida bo’lib o’tmoqda. Karvonlar, shu jumladan harbiy xizmatchilar butun mamlakat bo’ylab ishlab chiqarilgan. Boshqa tomondan, ba’zi fuqarolar qabristonlarni yoki yodgorliklarni ziyorat qilishga qaror qilishadi.
Xotira kuni, shuningdek, norasmiy ravishda yozning boshlanishini anglatadi, shuning uchun do’stlar va oilalar o’rtasida bayramlar va yig’ilishlar o’tkazadigan odamlar ham bor.
Rojdestvo
Rojdestvo kelib chiqishi haqida turli xil versiyalar mavjud, ammo eng ommaboplardan biri, “dies solis invicti nati” (yengilmas quyosh tug’ilgan kun) deb nomlangan Rim imperiyasining mashhur festivalini xristianlashtirish haqida gapiradi. qishdan keyin quyoshning qayta tug’ilishi bilan va keyinchalik bu Isoning tug’ilishi bilan bog’liq edi.
Biroq, Rojdestvo, bugungi kunda Qo’shma Shtatlarda ma’lum bo’lganidek, xristian an’analaridan tashqarida. 19-asrdan boshlab Rojdestvo tushunchasi birlik, tinchlik va nostalgiyaga bag’ishlangan vaqt bilan bog’liq.
Ushbu bayramning yangi g’oyasining bir qismi, masalan, nufuzli mualliflarning yozuvlaridan kelib chiqadi “Goffrey Crayonning eskizlari” Vashington Irving tomonidan, Rojdestvo qanday qilib bu sanalarni nishonlash uchun dehqonlar taklif qilingan ingliz qasrida nishonlangani haqida hikoya qildi.
Rojdestvo urf-odatlaridagi yana bir nufuzli muallif Charlz Dikkens kabi asarlar bilan “Rojdestvo Kerol” unda xayriya va xayrixohlik dolzarb ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu voqealar ko’p yillar davomida ushbu sanalar davomida Qo’shma Shtatlar madaniyatini sezgir qildi. Vaqt o’tishi bilan daraxt bezaklari, Rojdestvo xatlari va sovg’alar almashinuvi kabi yangi urf-odatlar qo’shildi.
Bojxona
Tips
Yaxshi xizmat ko’rsatilganda maslahat qoldirish juda tez-tez va yaxshi ko’riladi. Taksilarga chiqish, restoranga borish yoki shunga o’xshash boshqa turdagi xizmatlarga kelsak, qo’shimcha pul bilan minnatdorchilik bildirish odatiy holdir.
“Qandaysiz?” salomlashganda
Qo’shma Shtatlarda odamlar sizni “yaxshimisiz?” Deb kutib olishlari odat tusiga kirgan. Bu kimnidir qabul qilishning yoqimli usuli va odatda “yaxshi, rahmat” deb javob beradigan salomlashishdir.
Sportga bo’lgan muhabbat
Amerikaliklar sportni sevuvchilar. Futbol, beysbol, xokkey, basketbol va Amerika futboli eng yaxshi ko’radigan va muxlislari ergashadigan intizomlar qatoriga kiradi.
Shukur qiling
Bu Amerika madaniyatidagi eng muhim odatlardan biridir. Berilgan narsalar uchun ham, olingan narsalar uchun ham avvalo minnatdorchilik bildirish muhimdir.
Brunch
Bu odat butun dunyoga tarqalgan va nonushta va tushlik aralashmasi sifatida ishlaydigan ovqatdan iborat. Tushga yaqin soatlarda bu kuchli ovqat yoki nonushta.
Gastronomiya
Gamburger
Bu Amerika madaniyatining eng mashhur va odatiy taomlaridan biridir. An’anaviy tarzda, gamburger go’sht bilan to’ldirilgan ikki dumaloq bo’lak nondan tashkil topgan sendvich turidan va salat, tuzlangan bodring, pomidor va turli xil souslar kabi qo’shimcha ingredientlardan iborat. Ushbu taomning Qo’shma Shtatlarda kelib chiqishi nemis muhojirlaridan kelib chiqqan deb taxmin qilinadi.
Olmali pirog
Bu Shimoliy Amerika oshxonasidagi odatiy shirinliklardan biridir. U 18-asrdan boshlab ommalashgan va u Amerikaga Evropa mustamlakasi davrida, xususan ingliz, golland va shved oshxonalaridan kelgan deb taxmin qilinadi.
Uning nomidan ko’rinib turibdiki, bu olma bilan to’ldirilgan pirog. Ko’pincha ko’pirtirilgan qaymoq bilan yoki muzqaymoq bilan birga beriladi. Odatda to’liq qopqoq yoki panjara yoki panjara shaklida bo’ladi.
Xot-doglar yoki sosiska
Amerika taomlari va ushbu jamiyatning kundalik hayotidagi odatiy taomlardan yana biri bu hot-itlardir. Bu kolbasa bilan to’ldirilgan taniqli sendvich, xususan “wiener” deb nomlangan.
Xot-dogga qo’shiladigan boshqa odatiy ingredientlar qatoriga ketchup, xantal va mayonez kabi souslar kiradi. Shuningdek, piyoz, jalapenyo, tuzlangan bodring, pishloq va boshqalarni ham qo’shishingiz mumkin.
Buffalo qanotlari yoki buffalo tovuq qanotlari
Bu 1964 yilda Nyu-York shtatidagi Buffalo shahrida Anchor Bar tomonidan ixtiro qilingan retsept. Bu Amerika oshxonasida juda mashhur bo’lib qoldi. U qovurilgan tovuq qanotlaridan iborat va keyin sirka va qalampir bilan tayyorlangan achchiq sousga botiriladi. Xizmat qilishdan oldin, odatda qanotlarga quyiladi, ozgina eritilgan sariyog ‘.
Ushbu retseptning kengayishi shu sababli, bu taomni gastronomik takliflariga qo’shadigan tez ovqatlanish tarmoqlari yaratilishiga olib keldi.
Go’shtli go’sht yoki go’shtli go’sht
Bu Germaniya, Skandinaviya va Belgiya kabi mamlakatlarning gastronomik an’analaridan kelib chiqadi. Amerikalik go’shtli go’shtning rivojlanishi koloniyalarda istiqomat qilgan germaniyalik amerikaliklar tomonidan xizmat qilingan cho’chqa go’shti va makkajo’xori go’shti kombinatsiyasi “scrapple” dan kelib chiqadi.
Go’shtli go’shtning Amerika jamiyatida mashhurligi Buyuk Depressiya davri bilan ham bog’liq bo’lib, unda u tez-tez tejash chorasi sifatida tayyorlangan.
Amerikalik retsept tarkibida go’shtdan tashqari sarimsoq, qalampir, petrushka, ketchup, sariyog ‘va tuz kabi qo’shimchalar mavjud. Tayyorlanishi uchun yumshoq non po’sti va tuxumidan foydalanishdan tashqari.
Musiqa
Qo’shma Shtatlarning badiiy va musiqiy madaniyati xilma-xildir, chunki unga vaqt o’tishi bilan dunyoning turli qismlari, masalan Afrika va Evropa mintaqalari ta’sir ko’rsatgan. Rok, jazz, blyuz, pop, jon, texno, diskoteka, xip-xop, kantri, funk va boshqalarni o’z ichiga olgan turli janrlarni topish mumkin.
Bugungi kunda Qo’shma Shtatlar dunyodagi eng kuchli musiqa sanoatiga ega. Uning rassomlari ham, mamlakat ichida ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlar ham global miqyosga ega va ko’plab boshqa mintaqalar va qit’alarning musiqiy madaniyatiga ta’sir ko’rsatmoqda.
Din
Qo’shma Shtatlarda bir nechta e’tiqod yoki dinlar mavjud. Mamlakat aholisining aksariyati o’zlarini xristian deb bilishadi, taxminan 70%. Biroq, xuddi shu nasroniylik e’tiqodida protestantlar, katoliklar, mormonlar, Yahovaning tetigoslari va boshqalar kabi turli xil diniy oqimlar mavjud.
Boshqa tomondan, Qo’shma Shtatlardagi diniy aholining taxminan 5 foizini tashkil qiluvchi tanqidiy bo’lmagan jamoalar mavjud, ular orasida musulmonlar, yahudiylar, buddistlar va hindular bor.
Hech qanday e’tiqodga ega bo’lmagan guruhlar mavjud, ular 1,5% ni tashkil qiladi, shu jumladan ateistlar yoki agnostiklar. Va nihoyat, ma’lum bir narsaga ishonmaslikni da’vo qiladigan 15% mavjud.
Adabiyotlar
- Britannica ensiklopediyasi muharriri (2020). Halloween. Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Inc. Britannica.com saytidan tiklandi
- Silverman D (2020). Shukur kuni. Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Inc. Britannica.com saytidan tiklandi
- Hillerbrand H (2019). Rojdestvo. Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Inc. Britannica.com saytidan tiklandi
- Britannica ensiklopediyasi muharriri (2016). Gamburger Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Inc. Britannica.com saytidan tiklandi
- Whitman H, Lyuis P (2020). Qo’shma Shtatlar. Britannica entsiklopediyasi, Inc. Britannica.com saytidan tiklandi
- (2009). Halloween. Tarix. History.com saytidan tiklandi
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- (2009). Xotira kuni Tarix. History.com saytidan tiklandi
- (2009). Rojdestvo tarixi. Tarix. History.com saytidan tiklandi
- (2019). Shukur kuni: bu nima? BBC. Bbc.co.uk-dan tiklandi
- Xotira kunining tarixi. PBS yangiliklar soati. Pbs.org saytidan tiklandi
- Amerika madaniyati va urf-odatlari. BBC hikoyasi ishlaydi. Bbc.com saytidan tiklandi
- Din. Pyu tadqiqot markazi. Pewforum.org saytidan tiklandi
- Amerika Qo’shma Shtatlari musiqasi. Vikipediya, bepul ensiklopediya. En.wikipedia.com saytidan tiklandi
- San’at va o’yin-kulgi. AQSh elchixonasi. Usa.usembassy.de saytidan tiklandi
Amerika uslubidagi kiyimlar
Amerika uslubi kiyim, musiqa va, albatta, tarixda kuzatilishi mumkin. Kundalik bluzkalar, shimlar va jingalak shimlar, keng kiyimlar va poyafzallarda sport uslubi. Bu nafaqat erkakning modasi, balki bu kabi kiyingan ayollar bilan uchrashish mumkin. Bu erkinlik va ayollar va erkaklar uchun kvadratchalar va kiyim-kechaklarning bo’linmasligi.
Mahalliy amerikalik do’konga safar qilish uchun kiyim bilan bezovtalanmaydi, u o’zining eng sevimli jiyanida, futbolka va krossovkalarda mehr-muhabbatga ega. Amerikalik ayollar bu qadar mashhur emaslar va ularning jinsiy aloqa qilishlarini, liboslar, bluzkalar va etaklarga urg’u berishadi. Ehtimol, bu ommabop oqim – feminizm yoki oddiygina amerikalik ayollarning mohiyati – ozodlikning haqiqiy sevgililari tomonidan osonlashtirilgan. Lekin e’tibor bering, biz kabi Amerika qizlari turmush qurishadi, turmush qurishadi, martaba bor, lekin bularning barchasi sodda bo’lib, hech qanday bezovtalik, kiyim-kechak bo’lmasdan sodir bo’ladi.
Bugungi kunda kiyimlarning Amerika uslubi Amerika chegaralaridan tashqariga tarqaldi. U ko’plab qizlar va bolalar tomonidan o’zlarining kundalik uslubini yaratish uchun tanlangan. Agar siz Amerika uslubi bilan qiziqsangiz va Amerika yoshlari aktyorlariga o’xshash bo’lsangiz ham, ushbu maqolani diqqat bilan o’qing, chunki unda biz Amerika modasining barcha yo’nalishlarini tasvirlaymiz!
Amerika modasi
Amerika uslubi aqldan yaratilgan dizaynerlik qarorlari, yoshlarning norozilik namoyishlari va nihoyat o’zini topdi! Butun dunyodagi yoshlar bu ibodat bilan shug’ullanadilar, bu moda juda oddiy va talabchan emas. Undagi har bir tafsilot o’ylab topilgan va nima sababdan xizmat qiladi. Liboslar erkinlik, qulaylik va tenglik taassurotini yaratadi. Ushbu chiziqlar matolarda, armatura va siluetda kuzatilishi mumkin!
Zamonaviy amerikacha shkafning o’ziga xos xususiyatlari
Birinchidan, hashamatli emas, ammo qulaylik va soddalik. Amerikalik ayollar matolardan – paxta, zig’ir, trikotaj buyumlariga yaqin va engil kiyimlarni tanlaydi. Jiyanlarga e’tibor bermaslikning iloji yo’q – an’anaviy Amerika liboslari, hech qachon modadan chiqib ketmaydi! Amerika kiyimlari yorqin ranglar uchun afzallik beradi.
Sviterlar, futbolkalar va futbolkalar uchun moda borasida amerikaliklar sprintlar bilan narsalarni tanlaydi. Masalan, multfilmlar yoki asl yozuvlar bilan. Bugungi kunda ko’pgina taniqli moda uylari mamlakat Prezidentining fotosurati bilan kiyim sotishga kirishdi.
Amerikalik ayol yuqori jabduqlardagi va qattiq kiyim yoki kostyumda kamdan-kam uchraydi, aksincha, bu ayollarni ishbilarmonlik davrida nafaqat naubitsadan ko’ra ko’rish mumkin. Amerikaning boshqa aholisi ko’proq amaliy va qulay kiyimlarni, masalan, jinsi, ko’ylak va ko’ylaklarni, poyabzallarni – krossovkalarni, krossovkalarni mokasinlardan afzal ko’radi. Sizning sevimli jamoangizning logotipi bilan beysbol kostyumlarisiz sport kiyimining muxlislari bo’lmaydi.
Ko’pchiligimiz nimani anglatishini tushunamiz, shuning uchun biz amerikalik yoshlarning kinolari va filmlarini tomosha qilamiz. Bu erda siz bunday kiyimlar bilan tanishishingiz mumkin. Uslubli amerikaliklar denim kiyimi bilan ajralib turadi, u nafaqat shim, balki yelek, etek, ko’ylagi va ko’ylagi kabi har qanday turdagi bo’lishi mumkin. Bu narsalar buyuk skozhey, süet yoki paxta ko’rinishida, shuning uchun siz xuddi shunday kiyimni sotib olishga qaror qilsangiz, siz butunlay AQShdan kelinglar.
Qanday aksessuarlar Amerika tasvirini to’ldiradi? Ular ko’pincha kumush yoki oltin taqinchoqlarni tanlamaydilar, faqat bayram uchun kiyishadi. Ofisda, bir oqshom yoki yurish, qizlar boncuklar, marjonlarni, sirg’alar va uzuklarni tanlaydi, lekin juda qimmat emas.
Pardoz zaiflashdi. Eng muhimi, eng tabiiylik. Ayollar pardaga, poydevorga, roujga ega bo’lib, yuzning terisiga tozalik qiladi, shuningdek, maskara hippopotamus bo’yoqlari bo’ladi. Partiyalar va boshqa bayram va bayramlar uchun qizlar haqiqiy Golivud go’zalligiga aylanib, uzoq yolg’onchi kirpiklar va qizil labda nagubaga aylanadi.
Qizning bluzalari, etaklari, liboslari, jinsi yoki paltolari sotuvda kulgili pul sotib olishlari mumkin, ammo poyabzal va sumkalar uchun esa ular qimmat va mashhur bo’lishi kerak.
Amerikaliklarning uslubi aniq bir narsa ekanligini aytish mumkin emas. Bu bir parcha tasvir bo’lib, unda zamonaviy moda emas. Shunday qilib, Amerikaning bugungi moda mutaxassisi jingalak jinsilarda va keng ko’ylakda yorug’lik paydo bo’lishi va tasvirni erkak ko’ylagi bilan to’ldirishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, amerikaliklar, misol uchun, oqlangan libos yoki nozik sarafan va qo’pol kovboy poyabzali, yoki teridan tikilgan ko’ylagi bilan bir xil sundressga juda o’xshashdir. Quyoshdan yasalgan ko’zoynak, aksessuarlar, doroguschaya tufli yoki sumkaning tasvirini to’ldiradi. Bu erda siz Amerikaning kiyim-kechak uslubi haqidagi savolga siz javob berdingiz!
Amerikalik dizaynerlar Parij uylari bilan raqobatlasha oladi. Ular korsetlar, uzun ko’ylaklarni olib tashladilar va turli etaklarni, yaltiroq yubkalar, bluzkalar va minislarni, mini yubkalarni, bikini pantiesli suzish vositalarini va kichik to’pning ustida natufelki-balet kvartiralarini kashf qildi. Moda, erkin tikish, pardoz-andozlar, kostyumlarda turli uslublarni ko’rishingiz mumkin va ularning barchasi juda oqlangan va demokratik.
Amerikalik dizaynerlar erkaklar do’konining elementlari bilan kiyim kiyish uchun signal berdi.
Tajribalaringiz qalin bo’lsin! Turli xil uslublarni birlashtirishga harakat qiling. Amerika uslubi har kim tomonidan tekshirilishi mumkin emas. Siz boshqalarga o’xshamaslik uchun o’zingizga ishonch va jasorat kerak. Xushbichim odamlarni hatto xursand qilish mumkin! Agar siz ta’mga ega bo’lsangiz, siz shunchaki Amerika va Amerikaga qarashingiz mumkin, ehtimol, kimdir amerikaliklar qanday qilib kiyinishni bilmaydigan millat ekanligini aytishi mumkin, ammo biz buni bilmaymiz. Amerikaliklarga ofis millati deyiladi. Lekin ular mutlaqo kulranglikni yoqtirmaydi va faqat yorqin ranglarga ustunlik beradi, shuningdek, uslublarni aqli bilan birlashtirish kerakligini ham unutmang. Hamma joyda va har bir narsani o’lchovni bilishingiz kerak.
Sportswear: An American Invention
As women started enjoying leisure activities in the early to mid-20th century, American designers developed sportswear to meet their needs.
By Lisa Lockwood Plus Icon
September 8, 2012, 12:02am
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Today, American sportswear conjures up images of rugged blue jeans, comfortable sweaters, great outerwear, flirty skirts, blazers and trousers.
But before the mid-20th century, U.S. apparel firms mostly copied French styles for the American market. The war years made communication with Europe difficult, and Americans began to appreciate their homegrown talent. As women started enjoying leisure activities in the early to mid-20th century, American designers developed sportswear to meet their needs, and that demand has continued well into the 21st century, with American sportswear becoming a global phenomenon.
For the year ended July 31, U.S. women’s sportswear (tops, bottoms, skirts, jeans and sweaters) generated about $83 billion in sales, according to The NPD Group’s Consumer Tracking Service.
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From the onset, sportswear was comprised of coordinated separates that could be easily mixed and matched, such as blouses and shirts worn with skirts or shorts. It was created to cater to the needs of American women whose lives were becoming increasingly fast-paced. It also became the dress of the American middle class. In the Forties and Fifties, people began moving from the cities to the suburbs, and that caused major changes in dress, with casual sportswear becoming more popular, according to “All-American: A Sportswear Tradition” (Fashion Institute of Technology, 1985). California also became well known for its comfortable, outdoor lifestyle which required a more relaxed, laid-back wardrobe. As women became active participants in sports such as golf, tennis and swimming, a casual sportswear wardrobe became a necessity. Sportswear was designed in comfortable fabrics that were easy to care for.
Many of the first American sportswear designers were women, who understood women’s needs and lifestyles. Dorothy Shaver, president of Lord & Taylor, in the Thirties and Forties started to support American designers such as Claire McCardell, Bonnie Cashin and Vera Maxwell, all of whom were first showcased in L&T’s boutiques and Fifth Avenue windows. In the Forties, McCardell popularized a new way of dressing that included the dirndl skirt. She was well known for her swimsuits, sundresses, wool jersey dinner dresses and “Popovers,” denim wraparound housedresses.
In the Fifties, sportswear came into its own. The collegiate look became popular, and sweaters became must-have items. Cashin served up separates and “the layered look,” which included stretch ski pants, pedal pushers and capri pants. In addition, suburbia started influencing fashion trends. Bermuda shorts, cocktail dresses, leathers, pants and knits became must-haves. Teenagers didn’t leave home without their poodle skirts, twinsets, scarves, Peter Pan collars, blue jeans, leather jackets, bobby socks and anklets. In California, women started wearing miners’ dark-dyed denim Levi’s as fashion items.
In 1966, a 16-year-old British model named Twiggy made an impact on both sides of the pond with her miniskirts, and the look skyrocketed. Betsey Johnson made a name for herself as an innovator, and designed T-shirt dresses, pantsuits and miniskirts, starting in the Sixties. At that time, sportswear began taking on a unisex look, with blue jeans, bell-bottoms, T-shirts and denim jackets becoming fashion statements. Blue jeans, which had a rebellious attitude, moved from the fringe to wider acceptance and were worn by antiwar protesters.
The late Sixties and Seventies also saw the rise of the American sportswear designer as a lifestyle brand. Anne Klein, an iconic sportswear brand which catered to women who were attaining more senior jobs and didn’t want to look like men, created power suits. In 1968, Calvin Klein began producing elegant, simple clothes, favoring neural earth tones and natural fabrics. He became one of the most famous designers in the world with his clean, all-American sportswear. Ralph Lauren created a rarefied world, beginning with his men’s wear and later expanding into women’s apparel, known for its luxurious fabrics and timeless elegance.
In the Sixties and Seventies, Bill Blass, Geoffrey Beene and Halston were prominent in the market. Blass designed sharp, wearable clothes that could be worn day into night. Halston created pantsuits, sweater sets, knitwear and formfitting dresses, and Beene was known for his impeccable tailoring and eveningwear. In 1973, the T-shirt became the number-one counterculture status symbol around the world. HotPants also hit fast and furiously. They first appeared in Europe in 1970 and spread to America the next year. In the Seventies, fashion still had a hippie hangover from the Sixties, defined by ethnic and retro influences. Feminists, who resisted restricted clothing, threw out their bras, and pantsuits became popular, blurring the lines between women and men. Pants went from bell-bottoms in the early Seventies to skintight, tapered styles.
In 1976, Perry Ellis presented his first collection under his own name and scored a home run with his clean-cut, all-American look. He showed oversize jackets, hand-knitted sweaters and baggy pants in natural colors and fabrics, which provided a fresh approach to sportswear. WilliWear also became a popular casual sportswear label.
By the late Seventies and Eighties, women started entering the workforce in droves. This resulted in the predominance of the power suit and day-to-evening dressing. For those working 9 to 5, the fashion industry created a whole new market, called bridge, with companies such as Anne Klein II at the forefront, and then Ellen Tracy eventually dominating the category. In 1976, Liz Claiborne cofounded a sportswear company that catered to the growing legions of women entering the workforce. Liz Claiborne Inc. became one of the most successful apparel firms in the world, providing stylish, colorful and affordable sportswear for working women and their leisure activities. Firms such as Evan Picone and Jones New York also addressed the needs of the working woman at affordable price points.
Mainstream consumers got their first taste of designer labels when the designer jeans craze took off in the Seventies. Calvin Klein, Gloria Vanderbilt, Bill Blass, Sasson, Jordache and Sergio Valente led the denim revolution, knocking traditional brands out of the spotlight. In the Seventies, many women skirted the hemline issue (long or short) by turning to pants. Pants became an acceptable fashion trend for the office. In the Eighties, minimalist designers such as Michael Kors garnered attention with clothes that were not fussy and were strong in shape and line. Marc Jacobs brought grunge to the market when he designed for Perry Ellis, which became one of the influential statements of the Nineties, in large part for the negative reaction it elicited. Isaac Mizrahi also made his debut in 1988 and offered up lively, colorful sportswear. A fitness craze swept the country in the Eighties, and activewear as streetwear became prevalent. Americans spent billions of dollars on sportswear for working out. Sportswear with Lycra spandex became a popular option, both for participatory and spectator purposes.
Throughout the Nineties, designers such as Donna Karan, Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein and Tommy Hilfiger each brought their own sensibility to the sportswear market, and became global lifestyle brands and giant licensing machines. Supermodels showed off the clothes on the runway, creating images that went global. The designers also launched diffusion lines (i.e., DKNY, ck Calvin Klein, Lauren Ralph Lauren, for example), and a slew of other categories, as part of the megabrand phenomenon.
The late Nineties saw a casualization of the workplace. The Nineties were also dominated by hip-hop fashion, which consisted of baggy pants, baseball caps worn backwards, oversize rugby or polo shirts and expensive sneakers.
In the 21st century, sportswear encompasses casual streetwear and dressy looks, with jeans continuing to play a key role. Celebrities got into the sportswear game, with well-known celebrities such as Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Gwen Stefani and Jessica Simpson all creating followings for their sportswear lines. A new generation of designers such as Tory Burch, Phillip Lim, Proenza Schouler, Peter Som, Alexander Wang and Derek Lam keep American sportswear thriving.