Biologiya, Botanika, 6 sinf, Pratov O‘, 2017
INTRODUCTORY. BIOSTATISTICS. CHAP T. LE. Distinguished Professor of Biostatistics and Director of Biostatistics. Compr .
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Mindful living. You’ve probably heard the old adage that life’s too short to stuff a mushroom. But perhaps you should consider the opposite: that life’s simply too short NOT to focus on the simple tasks. By slowing down and concentrating on basic things, you’ll clear your mind of everything that worries you. Suggested reading: The Power of Now
Biologiya, Botanika, 6 sinf, Pratov O‘., 2017
Aziz o‘quvchilar! Ushbu darslikdan siz, tabiatda be-qiyos o‘rin tutgan o‘simliklar dunyosi bilan tanishasiz. Siz o‘simliklar haqidagi dastlabki bilimlami boshlang‘ich sinf-larda o‘rgangan «Atrofimizdagi olam», «Tabiatshunoslik» darslaridan bilib olgansiz. Bu darslarda olgan bilimlaringiz siz uchun yangi fan – biologiyaning bir bo‘limi bo‘lgan bo-tanikani yanada mukammalroq o‘rganishingizga yordam beradi.
O‘SIMLIKLARNING HAYOTIY SHAKLLARI.
O‘simliklarning tashqi muhitga har xil shaklda mosla-shishi hayotiy shakl deyiladi.
Gulli o‘simliklar hayotiy shakllariga ko‘ra daraxt, buta, yarimbuta, bir yillik, ikki yillik va ko‘p yillik o‘tlarga bo‘linadi.
Daraxtlar – bitta yo‘g‘on yog‘ochlashgan tanali, baquvvat ildizli va keng shoxshabbali, baland bo‘yli ko‘p yil-lik o‘simliklar. Olma, o‘rik, yong‘oq va shaftolining shoxshabbasi yoyiq; qarag‘ay va terakniki g‘uj va tik; sadaqayrag‘ochniki sharsimon bo‘ladi (3-rasm).
Tabiiy holda o‘sadigan daraxtlar sharoitga qarab bir-biridan keskin farq qiladi. Tog‘larning o‘rta qismidagi archa bo‘ydor bo‘lib o‘ssa, eng balandliklardagisi esa yerdan 0,5-1 m ko‘tariladi, xolos. Bu hol o‘simliklami doimiy esib turadigan shamoldan va qishning qattiq sovuqlaridan saqlaydi.
Butalar – bir nechta yog‘ochlashgan poya – tanaga ega ko‘p yillik o‘simliklar (4-rasm). Ildizdagi qo‘shimcha kurtaklardan yangi yosh novdalar o‘sib chiqadi. Bularga irg‘ay, singirtak, na’matak, zirk, bodomcha, uchqat, anor, limon, qoraqat, ligustram, nastarin kabi o‘simliklami misol qilib keltirish mumkin.
MUNDARIJA.
So‘zboshi.
I bob. O‘simliklar dunyosi bilan umumiy tanishuv.
l-§. Botanika – o‘simliklar haqidagi fan.
2-§. Gulli o‘simliklar bilan umumiy tanishish.
3-§. O‘simliklaming hayotiy shakllari.
II bob. Hujayra – hayotning asosi.
4-§. O‘simlik hujayrasining tuzilishi.
5-§. Hujayralaming hayotiy faoliyati.
6-§. O‘simlik to‘qimalari.
III bob. Gulli o‘simliklarning vegetativ va generativ organlari.
7-§. Ildiz turlari va tizimlari.
8-§. Ildizning ichki tuzilishi.
9-§. Shakli o‘zgargan ildizlar.
10-§. Novda.
11-S. Poyalarning xilma-xilligi.
12-§. Kurtak.
13-§. Poyaning ichki tuzilishi.
14-§. Novda tizimining shakllanishi.
15-§. Barglarning tashqi tuzilishi.
16-§. Oddiy va murakkab barglar.
17-§. Novdada barglarning joylashishi.
18-§. Barglarning ichki tuzilishi.
19-§. Shakli o‘zgargan novdalar.
20-§. Gul – o‘simliklaming gcncrativ ko‘payish organi.
21-§. Gullarning xilma-xilligi.
22-§. To’pgullar.
23-§. Mcvalar.
24-§. Urug‘.
IV bob. Gulli o‘simliklarning hayotiy faoliyati.
25-§. O‘simliklaming mincral oziqlanishi. Ildiz bosimi. O‘g‘itlar.
26-§. Poyada oziq moddalaming harakatlanishi.
27-§. Barglarda organik moddalarning hosil bo‘lishi.
28-§. O’simliklarning nafas olishi, oziqlanishi. O‘simliklarda moddalar almashinuvi.
29-§. O’simliklaming suv bug‘latishi.
30-§. Kuz faslida o’simliklar hayotida ro‘y beradigan o’zgarishlar.
31-§. O’simliklarning ko’payishi.
32-§. Gullarning changlanishi.
33-§. Gulli o’simliklaming jinsiy ko‘payishi. Urug‘lanish.
34-§. Mcva va urug‘larning tarqalishi.
35-§. Urug‘laming unib chiqishi.
36-§. O‘simlik – yaxlit organizm.
37-§. O’simliklar dunyosiga ekologik omillarning ta’siri.
V bob. O‘simliklar sistematikasi.
38-§. O‘simliklar sistematikasi haqida tushuncha.
39-§. Suvo’tlar. Bir hujayrali yashil suvo‘tlar.
40-§. Ko‘p hujayrali yashil suvo‘tlar.
41-§. Qo‘ng‘ir va qizil suvo’tlar bo‘limlari.
42-§. Yo’sinlar bo’limi.
43-§. Qirqbo‘g‘imlar bo’limi.
44-§. Qirqquloqlar bo’limi.
45-§. Ochiq urug‘li o‘simliklar bo‘limi. Archa.
46-§. Yopiq urug‘li o‘simliklar haqida ma’lumotlar.
47-§. Ra’nodoshlar oilasi.
48-§. Karamdoshlar oilasi.
49-§. Sho‘radoshlar oilasi.
50-§. Gulxayridoshlar oilasi.
51-§. Burchoqdoshlar (Dukkakdoshlar) oilasi.
52-§. Ituzumdoshlar oilasi.
53-§. Tokdoshlar oilasi.
54-§. Qovoqdoshlar oilasi.
55-§. Qoqio4tdoshlar (Murakkabguldoshlar) oilasi.
56-§. Loladoshlar oilasi.
57-§. Piyozdoshlar oilasi.
58-§. Bug‘doydoshlar (Boshoqdoshlar) oilasi.
59-§. Yerda o’simliklar dunyosining rivojlanishi.
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