Ingliz tili

Por-Royal grammatikasida birinchi bor grammatika bilan mantiq o`rtasidagi aloqa, bog`lanish nazariy jahatdan asoslab berildi. Agar til tafakkurni ifoda etsa, demak, til kategoriyalari tafakkur kategoriyalarining namoyon bo`lishidir. Shunga ko`ra tilni o`rganuvchi grammatika mantiqqa asoslanishi lozim. Grammatika ratsional, mantiqli bo`lishi kerak. Mantiq barcha uchun yagona, bitta ekan, binobarin, grammatika ham umumiy va universal bo`lishi lozim. Yagona grammatika alohida tilning grammatikasi bo`lishi mumkin emas, u faqat umumiy bo`lishi mumkin, degan g`oyalar, ko`rsatmalar ilgari surildi.

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O‘ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI OLIY VA O‘RTA MAXSUS TA’LIM VAZIRLIGI O‘RTA MAXSUS, KASB-HUNAR TA’LIMI MARKAZI O‘RTA MAXSUS, KASB-HUNAR TA’LIMINI RIVOJLANTIRISH INSTITUTI M. G‘APPOROV, R. QOSIMOVA INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI Akademik litseylar va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun o‘quv qo‘llanma To‘ldirilgan va qayta ishlangan nashr TOSHKENT «TURON-IQBOL» 2010

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• 1OZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASIOLIY VA ORTA MAXSUS TALIM VAZIRLIGI ORTA MAXSUS, KASB-HUNAR TALIMI MARKAZIORTA MAXSUS, KASB-HUNAR TALIMINI RIVOJLANTIRISH INSTITUTI M. GAPPOROV, R. QOSIMOVA INGLIZ TILI GRAMMATIKASI Akademik litseylar va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun oquv qollanma Toldirilgan va qayta ishlangan nashr TOSHKENTTURON-IQBOL 2010
• 2TAQRIZCHILAR: I. Ibragimxojayev TDIU 2-son chet tillari kafedrasi mudiri.Sh. Oripov Toshkent sh., xorijiy tillar litseyi direktori.R. Qiyomov Qarshi Davlat universiteti ingliz tili leksikasi va gram- matikasi kafedrasi mudiri, dotsent. Gapporov M. Ingliz tili grammatikasi. Akademik litseylar va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun oquv qollanma / M. Gapporov; OzR Oliy va orta maxsus talim vazirligi, Orta maxsus, kasb-hunar talimi markazi, Orta maxsus, kasb-hunar talimini rivojlantirish in-ti. T.: Turon-Iqbol nashriyoti, 2010 336 b. I. Qosimova, Robiya.BBK 81.2 Angl-2 Ozbekiston Respublikasining xorijiy fi lologiya, huquqshunoslik, sharq tillari, iqti sod yonalishlarida talim beruvchi akademik litseylari oquvchilariga moljallangan maz kur Ingliz tili grammatikasi qollanmasi hozirgi zamon Buyuk Britaniya, AQSH, Rossiya va Oz bekiston olimlarining tajribalaridan keng foydalanib yaratilgan. Qollanmadan akademik litsey va kasb-hunar kollejlari oquvchilaridan tashqari ingliz tilini mustaqil organuvchilar, oliy oquv yurtlariga oqishga kirishga tayyorgarlik korayotganlar va hatto oliy oquv yurtlarining talabalari ham unumli foydalanishlari mum kin. TURON-IQBOL nashriyoti, 2006-y. TURON-IQBOL nashriyoti, 2010-y. 81.2 Angl-2G22 ISBN 978-9943-14-097-4
• 3FEL (THE VERB) Umumiy malumotlarShaxs yoki narsaning harakati yoki holatini ifodalovchi sozlar fel deyiladi. 1. Fellar sodda, yasama va qoshma boladi:a) sodda fellar tarkibida qoshimcha yoki old qoshimcha bol- maydi; b) yasama fellarning qoshimchasi yoki old qoshimchasi boladi:-en: to widen kengaytirmoq to strengthen kuchaytirmoq-fy: to simplify sod dalashtir moq to signify ifodalamoq, bil dir moq-ize: to mobilize jalb qilmoq to organize tashkil qilmoq-ate: to demonstrate namo yish qilmoq un-: to unload yukni tushirmoq to untie yechmoq re-: to resell qayta sotmoq to disappear goyib bolmoqto separate ajratmoq dis-: to disarm qurol sizlantir moq c) Qoshma fellar ikki sozdan yasaladi: to whitewash oqlamoq to broadcast radioda eshi ttir- moq Eng keng tarqalgan qoshma fellar: fel + ravish to come in kirmoq to take off yechmoqto go on davom ettirmoq. Felning shaxsi malum va shaxsi nomalum shakllari(Finite and non-fi nite forms of the verb) Felning shaxsi malum ( Finite Forms), shaxsi nomalum (Non- Finite forms or Verbals) shakllari bor. 1. Felning shaxsi malum shakllari shaxs, son, mayl, zamon, nisbatni ifodalaydi. Ular gapda doimo yakka ozi kesim bolib keladi:
• 4She lives in London. U Londonda yashaydi.He is working in the library. U kutubxonada ishlayapti .They were invited to the concert. Ular konsertga taklif qilinishdi.My sister was here in the morning. Mening opam ertalab shu yerda edi. Buyruq maylidagi fellar ham felning shaxsi malum shakliga kiradi, chunki u gapda tushirib qoldirilayotgan ega you ning kesimidir: Close the window, please.2. Felning shaxsi nomalum shakliga infi nitiv (the Infi nitive) hara- kat nomi, gerund (the Gerund) va sifatdosh (the Participle) kiradi. Ularda shaxs, son va mayl yoq va ular gapda mustaqil ravishda kesim bolib kela olmaydi:I have come here to speak to you (infi nitiv gapda maqsad holi). Men bu yerga siz bilan gaplash-gani keldim. We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages (gerund aniqlovchi). Biz xorijiy tillarni oqitishning tur-li uslublarini muhokama qildik. The book lying on the table belongs to Mr. A. (aniqlovchi). Stol ustida yotgan kitob Mr. A.ga qarashli. Felning asosiy shakllari Ingliz tilida felning uchta asosiy shakli bor: infi nitiv (the Infi nitive), oddiy otgan zamondagi shakli (Simple Past) va otgan zamon sifatdoshi shakli (Past Participle). Ular barcha zamon shakllarini yasashda ishla-tiladi. Togri va notogri fellar1. Fellar oddiy otgan zamon (Simple Past) va otgan zamon sifat- dosh (Past Participle) shakllarining yasalishiga qarab togri va notogri fellarga bolinadi. 2. Togri fellarning Simple Past va Past Participle shakllari fel oza-giga -ed qoshimchasini qoshish bilan yasaladi. Infi nitive Simple Past Past Participleto open to work to expect opened worked expected opened worked expected 3. Simple Past va Past Participle shakllari -ed qoshimchasini qosh masdan, turli yollar bilan yasaladigan fellar notogri fellar deyiladi. Notogri
• 5fellarning otgan zamon va otgan zamon sifatdoshi shakllarini biz darsliklardagi maxsus jadvallardan yoki lugatdan organamiz. Jadvaldagi felning ikkinchi shakli Simple Past shakli, uchinchi shakli esa Past Participle shaklidir. Lugatlarda esa notogri fellarning Simple Past va Past Participle shakllari felning asosiy shakli va oqilishidan keyin kichik qavs ( ) ichida berilgan boladi. Kichik qavs ichidagi birinchi shakl felning Simple Past shakli, ikkinchi shakl esa felning Past Participle shaklidir. Agar kichik qavs ichida faqat bitta shakl berilgan bolsa, shu bitta shakl ham Simple Past uchun, ham Past Participle uchun ishlatiladi: go [gou] 1. v (went; gone) 1) bormoqsend [send] 1. v (sent) 1) jonatmoq. FEL TURLARI 1. Manosiga va gapdagi vazifasiga kora fellar quyidagi turlarga bo linadi: asosiy fellar, yordamchi fellar, boglovchi fellar va modal fellar. 2. Asosiy fellar (Notional Verbs) mustaqil manoga ega bolib, gapda yakka ozi sodda kesim bolib keladi:He speaks French. U fransuzcha gapiradi.They returned yesterday. Ular kecha qaytib kelishdi. 3. Yordamchi fellar (Auxilliary Verbs) mustaqil manoga ega bol-masdan, felning murakkab shakllarini yasashda yordam beradi. Ular-ga quyidagi fellar kiradi: to be, to have, to do, shall (should), will (would):She is working in the garden. U bogda ishlayapti.I have read the book. Men kitobni oqib chiqdim.I do not know it. Men buni bilmayman.He will speak to his friend. U dosti bilan gaplashadi. 4. Boglovchi fellar (Link Verbs) ot-kesim yasashda boglovchi bolib keladi. Eng kop ishlatiladigan boglovchi fel to be felidir:He is an engineer. U muhandis.The box was heavy. Quti ogir edi. 5. Modal fellar (Modal Verbs) felning asosiy shakli (infi nitive) bi-lan birga keladi va asosiy fel ifodalagan ish-harakatning sodir bolish im-koniyatini, ehtimolligini, zaruratini, xohishni bildiradi. Ularga can, may, must, ought to, need kiradi. Modal fellar felning asosiy shakli bilan gap- da qoshma fel-kesim bolib keladi:
• 6He can read German. U nemischa oqiy oladi.I must do it at once. Men buni zudlik bilan qilishim kerak.You may come soon. Siz tezda kelishingiz mumkin.You ought to help him. Siz unga yordam berishingiz kerak.You neednt go there. Siz u yerga bormasangiz ham bo- ladi. Yordamchi fellar (Auxiliary verbs) Umumiy malumotlar1. To be, to have, to do, shall (should), will (would) fellari yordam- chi (Auxiliary Verbs) fellar deyiladi, chunki ular yordamida felning turli murakkab shakllari yasaladi. Yuqoridagi fellar Simple Present va Sim ple Past zamonlarining bolishli shaklidan tashqari barcha fel zamonlarini yasashda ishlatiladi. Yordamchi fellarning mustaqil manosi bolmaydi, manoni ular bilan birga kelgan asosiy fellar beradi. Ular zamonni, shaxsni, sonni, nisbatni va boshqalarni ifodalashda ishlatiladi:I am reading. Men oqiyapman.They have come. Ular kelishdi.Do you speak English? Siz inglizcha gapirasizmi?He will return soon. U tezda qaytadi. 2. Bazan to be, to have, shall (should), will (would) fellari modal fel manosida kelib zaruratni, istakni, niyatni ifodalaydi. 3. Bazan to be bolmoq, to have ega bolmoq, to do qilmoq fella ri manosida asosiy fel bolib ham keladi. TO BE FELI 1. Boshqa fellardan farq qilib to be felining Simple Presentda 1-shaxs birlikda, 3-shaxs birlikda va koplikda alohida-alohida shakllari mav jud: I am, he (she, it) is, we (you, they) are. 2. To be felining Simple Past zamonda birlik va koplik uchun alohida shakllari mavjud: I (he, she, it) was, we (you, they) were. 3. Bolishsiz gaplar yasashda to be felining tegishli shaklidan keyin not inkor yuklamasi qoyiladi: I am not, I was not. 4. Soroq gaplar yasashda to be felining shakli egadan oldinga otka-ziladi: Am I? Was I?
• 75. To be feli faqat ikkita davom zamonda ishlatiladi: Present Continuous va Past Continuousda va asosan majhul nisbatda: I am being invited, I was being invited. 6. To be feli Perfect Continuous zamonlarida ishlatilmaydi.7. To be felining bolishsiz buyruq shakli umumiy qoidaga asosan, uning oldiga do not (dont)ni qoyish bilan yasaladi: Dont be angry. Achchigingiz kelmasin. Dont be late. Kechikmang. 8. Ogzaki nutqda Simple Presentning bolishli shaklida odatda quyidagi qisqartirmalar yuz beradi: I am =Im We are = wereyou are = youre You are = youreHe is =hes She is = shes It is = its They are = theyre Simple Present va Simple Past zamonlarda quyidagi qisqartirishlar yuz beradi: I am not = Im notHe is not = hes not yoki he isnt She is not = shes not yoki she isntIt is not = its not yoki it isntWe are not = were not yoki we arentYou are not = youre not yoki you arentThey are not = theyre not yoki they arentI (he, she, it) was not = I (he, she, it) wasntWe (you, they) were not = we(you, they) werent9. To be feli yordamchi fel bolib keladi:a) Hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi (Present Participle) bilan birga kelib bar- cha davom (Continuous va Perfect Continuous) zamonlarni yasashda ish-latiladi:I am writing a letter. Men xat yozyapman.She was doing her lessons at fi ve. U soat beshda darslarini qila- yotgan edi.I shall be working at three oclock. Men soat uchda ishlayotgan bo-laman. It has been raining since mor ning. Ertalabdan buyon yomgir yog-yapti. b) Otgan zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle) bilan birga kelib majhul nisbatning barcha zamonlarini yasaydi:
• 8He is often invited there. Uni u yerga tez-tez taklif qili-shadi. He was asked a diffi cult question. Undan qiyin savol sorashdi.The translation will be fi nished to-morrow. Tarjima ertaga tamom qilinadi. 10. To be feli ot-kesimlarda boglovchi bolib keladi va -dir, edi, bo-ladi deb tarjima qilinadi. Ozbek tilida hozirgi zamonda kopincha tu shib qoladi:He is an engineer. U muhandis.He is the best student in the fi rst course. U birinchi kursda eng yaxshi ta-laba. The story was interesting. Hikoya qiziq edi.She will be a teacher next year. U kelasi yili oqituvchi boladi.The task of our representatives was to ship the goods immediately. Vakillarimizning vazifasi mollarni zudlik bilan yuklash edi. 1. To be feli asosiy fel bolib keladi va bolmoq, joylashmoq manosini beradi:He is at the Institute now. U hozir institutda.She was in Samarkand during the summer. U yozda Samarqandda edi. I shall be at home tonight. Men bu oqshom uyda bolaman.Hozirgi zamon bolishsiz shaklda to be feli emas deb tarjima qili nadi: He isnt at home. U uyda emas.They are not in London. Ular Londonda emas. 2. To be feli asosiy felning to yuklamasi bilan kelgan shakli bilan kelib modallashadi va oldindan kelishilgan yoki rejalashtirilgan zaruratni ifodalaydi: am is are + to + Vwaswere Bu yerda: V = felning asosiy shakli. To bening hozirgi zamondagi shakllari am, is, are kerak deb tarjima qilinadi va hozirgi yoki kelasi zamondagi zaruratni ifodalaydi:They are to begin this work at once. Ular bu ishni darhol boshlashlari kerak. He is to come here tomorrow. U bu yerga ertaga kelishi kerak.
• 9To bening otgan zamondagi shakllari was, were Simple Infi nitive bilan kelganda kerak edi deb tarjima qilinadi va ish-harakatni otgan zamonda bajarish zaruratini ifodalaydi. Bu birikma shu ish-harakatning bajarilgan-bajarilmaganligiga aniqlik kiritmaydi va bu butun gapdan malum bolishi mumkin: I was to send him a telegram, but I forgot. Men unga telegramma yubo ri shim kerak edi, lekin unutibman. The goods were to be delivered at the end of the month. Mollar oyning oxirida yetkazib be-rilishi kerak edi. Was, were Perfect Infi nitive bilan kelganda otgan zamonda bajarili shi kerak bolgan, lekin bajarilmagan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi: Was + to + have + P.P. Were Bu yerda:P. P. = Past Particiciple = Otgan zamon sifatdoshi. I was to have fi nished my work yesterday. Men ishimni kecha tugatishim kerak edi. Kelasi zamonda to be zaruratni ifodalash uchun ishlatilmaydi.Izoh: To bedan keyin majhul nisbatning infi nitivi kelib, zaruratdan tashqari ehtimol likni ham ifodalashi mumkin. Such books are to be found in all libraries. Bunday kitoblar barcha kutubxonalardan topilishi mumkin. Many new beautiful buildings are to be seen in the streets of our town. Shahrimiz kochalarida kop yangi chiroyli binolarni korish mum kin. TO HAVE FELI 1. To have felining Simple Presentda ikkita shakli bor: 3-shaxs bir-likda has he (she, it) has va qolganlar uchun have I (we, you, they) have. 2. To have feli faqat to have dinner, to have a talk kabi birikmalar da kelganda davom zamonlarda ishlatiladi: He was having dinner when I ca-me. Men kelganimda u ovqatlana yot- gan edi. He is having a talk with his father in the garden. U bogda otasi bilan suhbat- lashayapti. 3. To have feli yordamchi fel bolib keladi va otgan zamon sifatdo shi (Past Partisiple) bilan birga kelib Perfect zamonlarni yasaydi.
• 10 Have Has + P. P. Had Shall (will) have I have seen the new fi lm. Men yangi fi lmni kordim.I had fi nished my work by fi ve oclock. Men ishimni beshgacha tugatgan edim. I shall have translated the article by ten oclock. Men soat ongacha maqolani tar-jima qilib bolaman. Present Perfect va Past Perfectda quyidagi qisqartirmalar ishla-tiladi: I have written = Ive written; I have not written = Ive not written = I havent written; He has written = hes written; he has not written = hes not written = he hasnt written; I had written = Id written; I had not writ-ten = Id not written = I hadnt written va hok. 4. To have feli bor bolmoq, ega bolmoq manosida asosiy fel bolib keladi:I have a good watch. Mening yaxshi soatim bor.He had a large library. Uning katta kutubxonasi bor edi.We shall soon have a new radio set. Bizda yaqinda yangi radiopriyom -nik boladi. 5. Soroq shaklni yasashda Simple Present va Simple Pastda to have felining tegishli shakli eganing oldiga otadi:Have you a good watch? Yaxshi soatingiz bormi?Had he a large library? Uning katta kutubxonasi bor edi – mi?Ammo Simple Pastning soroq shakli kopincha to do yordamchi feli yordamida ham yasaladi:Did he have a large library? Uning katta kutubxonasi bor edi – mi?6. To have felining bolishsiz shakli uning sahkllaridan keyin not yukla masini qoyib qisqartirish orqali yasaladi. Simple Present va Simp-le Pastda qisqartmalar havent, hasnt, hadnt boladi. Ulardan keyin dona lab sanaladigan birlikdagi ot noaniq artikl bilan, koplikdagi dona-lab sanaladigan ot va donalab sanalmaydigan ot any olmoshi bilan ish-latiladi:
• 11 I havent a watch. Mening soatim yoq.He hasnt any books on this sub-ject. Unda bu sohada kitoblar yoq. I hadnt any time to go there. Mening u yerga borishga vaqtim yoq. Barcha murakkab shakllarda bolishsizlik not birinchi yordamchi feldan keyin qoyiladi: I shall not (shant) have any time to go there tomorrow.I have not (havent) had any time to go there today.Bolishsiz gaplar no olmoshi yordamida ham yasalishi mumkin. Bun- da no otdan oldin qoyiladi va otning oldida artikl ham, any olmoshi ham qoyilmaydi: I have no watch.He has no books on this subject.I had no time to go there.Ill have no time to go there tomorrow.Ive had no time to go there today.Bolishsizlikning have (has, had) no shakli koproq ishlatiladi. Felning bolishsiz shakli esa gapning bolishsizlik manosini oshirishda ishla tiladi. Qisqa javob faqat not yuklamasi bilan yasaladi:Have you a dictionary? No, I havent (have not). 7. Ogzaki nutqda to have feli ornida hozirgi zamonda have (has) got ishlatiladi: I have = I have got = Ive got, he (she) has = he (she) has got = hes got, shes got:Ive got a large library = I have a large library. Menda katta kutubxona bor. Has he got a good dictionary? = Has he a good dictionary? Uning yaxshi lugati bormi? I havent got an English dictionary. = I have no English dictionary. Menda inglizcha lugat yoq. Agar toldiruvchi kishilik olmoshidan yasalgan bolsa, bolishsiz gap- larda havent, hasnt emas faqat havent got va hasnt got ishlatiladi. I havent got it. Undan menda yoq.He hasnt got them. Ulardan unda yoq. 8. To have feli qator otlar bilan birikib keladi va ozining dastlabki bor (ega) bolmoq manosini yoqotadi:
• 12 to have dinner ovqatlanmoq to have a rest dam olmoqto have breakfast nonushta qil-moq to have a walk sayr qilmoq to have supper kechki ovqatni yemoq to have a smoke chekmoq to have a talk gaplashmoq, muzo-kara olib bormoq to have a quarrel janjallash-moq to have a good time vaqtni yaxshi otkazmoq9. Yuqoridagi iboralarning soroq va bolishsiz shakllari Simple Pre- sent va Simple Pastda to do yordamchi feli yordamida yasaladi:When do you have dinner? Qachon tushlik qilasiz?Did you have a good rest last sum-mer? Otgan yozda yaxshi dam oldin-gizmi? We didnt have supper at home yesterday. Biz kecha kechki ovqatni uyda yemadik. 10. To have feli to yuklamali infi nitive bilan kelib, biror tashqi kuch tasiridagi zaruratni ifodalaydi va majbur bolmoq, togri kelmoq deb tar-jima qilinadi: have has had shall have will have + to + V I have to get up early on Mondays. Dushanba kunlari men erta turi-shimga togri keladi. They had to go there. Ular u yerga borishga majbur bo-lish di. He will have to do it. U buni qilishga majbur boladi.Izoh: Had to otgan zamonda bajarilishi kerak bolgan va bajarilgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. Simple Present va Simple Pastda to have feli zaruratni ifodalaganda soroq va bolishsiz shakllari to do yordamchi felining tegishli shakllari yordamida yasaladi:Do you have to write this exercise? Bu mashqni yozishingiz kerakmi?You dont have to write this exercise. Sizga bu mashqni yozish shart emas. Did they have to go there? Ular u yerga borishlari kerak edi-mi? They didnt have to go there. Ularning u yerga borishlari ga tog ri kelmadi.
• 13 11. Ogzaki nutqda have va has ornida zaruratni ifodalashda have got, has got ham ishlatiladi:Ive got (have got) to do it. Men buni qilishga majburman.Hes got (has got) to write it. U buni yozishi kerak. 12. To have feli to have + ot (yoki olmosh) + Past Participle birik-masida ishlatiladi va ish-harakat ega tomonidan emas, ega uchun boshqashaxs tomonidan bajarilishini ifodalaydi: havehashad + ot (olmosh) + P. P. shall have will have I have my hair cut at this hairdres-sers. Men shu sartaroshxonada soch ol-diraman. I had my watch repaired yester-day. Kecha men soatimni tuzatdim. I shall have the letters posted im-mediately. Men xatlarni zudlik bilan jona-taman. Bu birikmada Simple Present va Simple Pastning soroq va bolishsiz shakllari to do felining tegishli shakllari yordamida yasaladi: Do you have your hair cut at this hairdressers?I dont have my hair cut at this hairdressers.Did you have the letters posted yesterday?I didnt have the letters posted yesterday. 13. To have feli to have + ot (yoki olmosh) + to + V birikmasida ish latiladi va niyatni, maqsadni, xohishni ifodalaydi:I have something to tell you. Mening sizga aytadigan gapim bor.I have a new book to show you. Menda sizga korsatadigan yangi ki tob bor.Soroq va bolishsiz shakllari to do felisiz yasaladi:Have you anything to tell me?I havent anything to tell you.Izoh: AQSHda to havening Simple Present va Simple Pastdagi soroq va bolishsiz shakllari to do felining shakllari yordamida yasaladi, Buyuk Britaniyada ham shunga moyillik bor. Does he have a good library? Unda yaxshi kutubxona bormi?I dont have anything to show you. Menda sizga korsatadigan hech narsa yoq.
• 14 TO DO FELI 1. To do feli aniq va majhul nisbatning barcha zamonlarida umumiy qoidalar asosida tuslanadi. Uning Simple Presentda III shaxs birlikda does va qolgan shaxs va sonlar uchun do, Simple Pastda did shakli mav jud. 2. To do felining shakllari yordamchi va modal fellardan tashqari barcha fellarning Simple Present va Simple Past zamonlardagi bolishsiz va soroq shakllarini yasashda yordamchi fel vazifasida keladi:Do you speak English? Siz inglizcha gapirasizmi?He doesnt work here. U bu yerda ishlamaydi.Did you see him yesterday? Siz uni kecha kordingizmi? They didnt speak to me about it. Ular men bilan bu haqda gapla- shishmadi.3. To do feli buyruq gaplarning bolishsiz shaklini yasash uchun yor- damchi fel bolib ishlatiladi:Dont go there. U yerga bormang.Dont open the window. Derazani ochmang. To be va to have fellarining bolishsiz buyruq shakllari ham do yor-damchi feli yordamida yasaladi:Dont be angry. Achchiglanmang.Dont have anything to do with him. U bilan oralashmang. 4. Simple Present va Simple Pastda bolishli gaplarda felning manosi-ni kuchaytirish uchun felning asosiy shakli oldida do, does, did ishlati- ladi: I am sorry you dont know my brother. Afsus, akamni bilmaysiz. But I do know him. Axir, men uni taniyman. Why doesnt he go to the rea d -ing-room? Nima uchun u oquv zaliga bormaydi? But he does go there very often. Axir u u yerga tez-tez borib turadi. Why didnt you speak to him? Nima uchun siz u bilan gaplash madingiz? But I did speak to him. Axir men u bilan gaplashdim.5. To do feli buyruq gaplardagi iltimosni kuchaytirish manosida ham ma fellardan oldin, shu jumladan, to be, to have fellaridan oldin ish latiladi:
• 15 Do come tonight. Bu oqshom albatta keling.Do write to me a few lines. Albatta menga bir enlik xat yozib yuboring.Do have another cup of tea. Yana bir piyola choy iching.Do be reasonable. Mulohazali boling. (Oylab ish qiling.)6. To do feli qilmoq, bajarmoq manosida asosiy fel bolib keladi: He has done his exercises. U mashqlarini bajardi.They will do their work tonight. Ular ishlarini bu oqshom qili- shadi.Simple Present va Simple Pastda bolishsiz va soroq gaplarda to do- ning shakli ikki marta ishlatiladi bir marta yordamchi fel sifatida, ikkinchi marta asosiy fel sifatida:Does he do it? U buni qiladimi?Did he do it? U buni qildimi?I did not do it. Buni men qilmadim. Shall (Should) va will (would)fellari 1. Shall va will fellari tokis fellar emas, chunki ularning faqat ikki-ta shakli bor: hozirgi zamon shakli shall, will va otgan zamon shak li should, would. Bu fellardan keyin asosiy fellar to yuklamasisiz ish-latiladi:I shall be busy on Monday. Dushanbada men band bolaman.He will come soon. U tezda keladi.I said that I should be busy on Monday. Dushanbada men band bolishimni aytdim. He said that he would come soon. U tezda kelishini aytdi. Ogzaki nutqda quyidagi qisqartirmalar ishlatiladi:I shall = Ill I should = IdHe will = hell he would = hedShe will = shell she would = shedWe shall = well we should = wedYou will = youll you would = youdThey will = theyll they would = theydshall not = shant will not = wontshould not = shouldnt would not = wouldnt
• 16 SHALL 1. Shall 1-shaxs birlik va koplikda kelasi zamondagi ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:I shall be free tonight. Men bu oqshom bosh bolaman.Shall I see you tomorrow? Sizni ertaga koramanmi?We shall not have an English les-son tomorrow. Bizda ertaga ingliz tili darsi yoq. Izoh: AQSHda birinchi shaxsda shall ornida will ishlatiladi, hozir Angliyada ham shunga moyillik bor. 2. Shall 1-shaxsda soroq gaplarda farmoyish, buyruq, korsatma olish maqsadida ishlatiladi:Shall I close the window? Derazani yopaymi?Where shall we wait for you? Sizni qayerda kutaylik? 3. Shall 2 va 3-shaxs birlik va koplikda ishlatilib, modal manoga ega boladi va vadani, buyruqni, popisani, ogohlantirishni bildiradi:Tell her that she shall have the books tomorrow. Unga ayting, kitoblarni ertaga ola di. You shant have any cause for complaint. Sizda shikoyat qilishga hech qan-day asos yoq. You shall write your exercises at once. Siz mashqlaringizni darhol yo-zing. They shall regret it if they do it. Agar shunday qilishsa, ular afsusla nishadi. 4. Javobida shall ishlatish mumkin bolgan soroq gaplarda 2-shaxs bilan shall ishlatiladi. Hozir will shallni siqib chiqarmoqda:Shall (will) you be eighteen or nineteen tomorrow? I shall be nineteen. Ertaga on sakkizga kirasizmi yoki on toqqizga? On toqqizga. Shall (will) you have an English or French lesson on Friday? We shall have an English les-son. Juma kuni sizda ingliz tili darsi boladimi yoki fransuz tili darsimi? Bizda ingliz tili darsi boladi. 5. Shall 3-shaxs birlik va koplikda soroq gaplarda ishlatiladi va modallashib 3-shaxs uchun farmoyish yoki korsatma olish maqsadida ishlatiladi:When shall they come? Ular qachon kelishsin?Shall he wait for you at the hotel? U sizni mehmonxonada kutsinmi?
• 17 SHOULD 1. Should (shallning otgan zamoni) Infi nitiv bilan birga kelib otgan zamondagi kelasi zamonni (Future in the Past) ni yasashda yordamchi fel bolib keladi va bazi hollarda modal manosida ham keladi. 2. Should bosh gapdagi ish-harakat otgan zamonda bolganda, er-gash gapdagi kelasi zamonda kelgan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun ish-latiladi. 3. Should 1-shaxs birlik va koplikda faqat yordamchi fel bolib ke-ladi:I said I should be glad to see him. Men uni korishdan xursand boli-shimni aytdim. I said that we should have a me-eting on Monday. Men dushanba kuni bizda yigilish bolishini aytdim. 4. Should 2 va 3-shaxs birlik va koplikda ishlatilib vadani, tahdidni, popisani, buyruqni va boshqalarni ifodalaydi:He said that Tom should have the books in a few days. U Tom kitobni bir necha kundan keyin olishini aytdi. 5. Should 1 va 3-shaxs birlik va koplikda bosh gapidagi ish-hara-kat otgan zamonda bolgan ozlashtirma gaplarda ishlatiladi va modal manoga ega bolib suhbatdoshdan buyruq, topshiriq olishni bildirib za-ruratni ifodalaydi:I asked him where I should wait for him. Men undan uni qayerda kutishim kerakligini soradim. I asked Nancy whether Tom sho-uld come in the morning. Men Nansidan Tom ertalab ke li-shi kerak yoki kerak emasligini soradim. 6. Should hozirgi va otgan zamondagi noreal shart gapli qoshma gap-larning bosh gapida ishlatiladi:I should go there if I had time. Agar vaqtim bolganda men u yer- ga borardim.We should have caught the train if we had walked faster. Agar tezroq yurganimizda biz poyezdga ulgurgan bolar edik. Izoh: AQSHda 1-shaxs bilan ham would ishlatiladi. Angliyada ham should ornida would ishlatishga moyillik bor: I would go there if I had time. 7. Should noreal shart gaplarning ergash gapida taxminning yuz be rish ehtimolligining juda kamligini takidlash uchun ishlatiladi:2 M. Gapporov
• 18 If I should come, I shall speak to them about it. Agar men kela olsam edi, bu haqda ular bilan gaplashar edim. If he should refuse, they would be greatly disappointed. Agar u rad etsa, ularning hafsala-lari juda qaytar edi. 8. Should bosh gaplari it is important muhim, it is necessary kerak, zarur, it is desirable maqul, kerak, it is impossible imkoni yoq, iloji yoq, it is improbable ehtimoldan uzoq, mahol, it is better yaxshisi kabi birikmalar-dan yasalgan bosh gapli qoshma gaplarning that bilan boglangan ega ergash gaplarida ishlatiladi. Bu holda bosh gapdagi be qaysi zamonda kelishidan qati nazar, shoulddan keyin kelgan felning Simple Infi nitive shakli to yuklamasisiz keladi: should + VIt is important that he should re-turn tomorrow. Uning ertaga qaytishi muhim. It is desirable that the agreement should be signed before May. Bitimning may oyidan oldin im-zolanishi muhim. It was necessary that the question should be settled without delay. Masala kechiktirilmasdan hal qili nishi kerak. Izoh: 1. It is possible mumkin, balki, it is probable aftidan, balki, ehtimol birikmalaridan keyin bolishli gaplarda may (might) + V ishlatiladi, soroq gaplarda should + V ish latiladi: It is possible that the steamer may arrive tomorrow. Ehtimol poroxod ertaga yetib keladi. Is it possible that the steamer should arrive tomorrow? Poroxod ertaga yetib kelishi mum-kinmi? 2. Bu vaziyatda (ayniqsa AQSHda) kopincha shoud + V ornida Present Subjunctive (istak mayli) ishlatiladi: It is important that he return (=should return) tomorrow. It is desirable that the agreement be signed (=should be signed) before May.3. Bu vaziyatda ergash gap ornida kopincha for + ot (olmosh) +to + V quril masi ishlatiladi:It is important for him to return tomorrow. = It is important that he should return tomorrow. It is desirable for the agreement to be signed before May. = It is desirable that the agreement should be signed before May. It is surprising hayratomuz, qiziq, it is annoying alam qilarli, attang, afsus, it is strange ajib, galati, it is a pity achinarli kabi ajablanishni, alamni, xursandchilikni, afsuslanishni bildiradigan birikmalardan keyin should + V ham, felning aniq mayli ham ishlatilishi mumkin: It is surprising that he shouldthink so.It is surprising that he thinks so. Uning bunday oylashi galati.
• 19 Har ikkala ergash gap ham bir xil kuchga ega, ammo should + V ajab-lanish, afsuslanish, rahmni kuchaytiradi. Yuqoridagi shaxsi nomalum iboralardan keyin should Simple Infi ni- tive bilan ham, Perfect Infi nitive bilan ham ishlatiladi. Agar ergash gap- dagi ish-harakat bosh gapdagi ish-harakat bilan bir vaqtda sodir bol gan bolsa, should + V ishlatiladi, agar ergash gapdagi ish-harakat bosh gapdagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bolgan bolsa, should + have + P.P. ishlatiladi:It is strange that he should behave so. Uning ozini bunday tutishi galati. It is strange that he should have be-haved so. Uning ozini bunday tutganligi galati. 9. Bosh gapida decide qaror qilmoq, demand, require talab qilmoq, in-sist qattiq turib talab qilmoq, bajartirmoq, qildirmoq, advise maslahat ber-moq, recommend tavsiya qilmoq, suggest, propose taklif qilmoq, agree ke-lishmoq, konmoq, arrange bitimga kelmoq, kelishmoq, order, command buyurmoq kabi qatiyatni, astoydillikni, talabni, maslahatni, bitishuvni, buyruqni ifodalagan fellar kelgan qoshma gapning toldiruvchi ergash gapida should ishlatiladi. Bosh gapdagi fel qaysi zamonda bolishidan qati nazar, barcha shaxslarning birlik va kopligida should + V ishlati- ladi:He suggested that the case should be postponed. U ishning kechiktirilishini taklif qildi. He recommended that the goods should be shipped at once. U mollarning zudlik bilan yukla-nishini tavsiya qildi. The doctor insists that he should go to the South. Doktor uning janubga borishini qattiq turib talab qildi. The sellers demand that payment should be made within fi ve days. Sotuvchilar tolovni besh kun ichida amalga oshirishni talab qilishdi. He ordered that the steamer should be discharged at once. U poroxoddagi yukni zudlik bi-lan tushirishni buyurdi. Izoh: Yuqoridagi fellardan keyin (ayniqsa AQSHda) should + V ham, Present Subjanktiv ham ishlatiladi: The sellers demanded that payment be made (=should be made) within fi ve days.He ordered that the steamer be discharged (= should be dischsrged) at once. 10. Bosh gapdagi kesim afsuslanishni, ajablanishni, gazabni, xursand-chilikni bildiruvchi fellardan yasalgan bolsa, ularning zamonidan qati nazar, ergash gapning kesimida birlik va koplikda should ishlatiladi:
• 20 I am sorry that you should think so. Sizning bunday oylashingiz meni afsuslantiradi. I regret that you should not know it. Buni bilmasligingiz meni afsus lan -tiradi. Agar ergash gapdagi ish-harakat bosh gapdagi ish-harakat bilan bir vaqtda sodir bolgan bolsa, should + V ishlatiladi, agar ergash gapdagi ish-harakat bosh gapdagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bolgan bolsa,should + have + P.P. ishlatiladi:I am disappointed that he should work so little at his English. Uning ingliz tili ustida buncha lik oz ishlashi mening konglimni qol diradi. I am disappointed that he should have worked so little at his Eng-lish. Uning ingliz tili ustida bunchalik kam ishlaganligi mening kong-limni qoldiradi. I was surprised that he should be-have so. Uning ozini bunday tutishi meni hayron qoldirdi. I was surprised that he should have behaved so. Uning ozini bunday tutganligi meni hayron qoldirdi. Bunday ergash gaplarda should + V bilan bir qatorda felning aniq mayli ham ishlatiladi:I am surprised that he should not realize his mistake.I am surprised that he does not real-ize his mistake. Uning oz xatosini tushunmas-ligi meni ajablantiradi. Har ikkala ergash gap ham deyarli teng manoli; ammo sould + V afsuslanish, ajablanish va boshqalarni kuchaytiradi. 11. Bosh gapdagi felning zamonidan qati nazar, maqsad ergash gap da barcha shaxs birlik va koplikda should +V ishlatiladi:Ill ring him up at once so that he shouldnt wait for me. U kutib turmasligi uchun men unga zudlik bilan qongiroq qilaman. Ill open the widow so that it should be cooler in the room. Xona salqin bolsin deb derazani ochaman. 12. Why bilan boshlangan kochirma va ozlashtirma soroq gaplarda ajablanish, hayratni ifodalash uchun should ishlatiladi:Why should you dislike him so much? Nima uchun uni bunchlik yoq-tirmaysiz? Why should you think that he is not capable of doing this work? Nima uchun siz uni bu ishni qila olmaydi deb oylaysiz?
• 21 I dont understand why you should be angry with him. Undan nima uchun achchiglani-shingizga men tushunmayman. 13. Should axloqiy burchni yoki maslahatni ifodalaydi:a) ish-harakat hozirgi yoki kelasi zamonga taalluqli bolsa, should + V ishlatiladi:You should call on him tomor-row. Siz unikiga ertaga borishingiz ke-rak. He should help them. U ularga yordam berishi kerak.You shouldnt go there. Siz u yerga bormasligingiz kerak. b) ish-harakat otgan zamonga taalluqli bolib, biror shaxs oz burchi-ni bajarmagan hamda gapiruvchining fi kricha notogri ish qilgan bolsa, should + have + P.P. ishlatiladi va tanbehni yoki tanani ifodalaydi:He should have helped them. U ularga yordam berishi kerak edi.You shouldnt have gone there yes-terday. Siz kecha u yerga bormasligin-giz kerak edi. WILL 1. Will 2 va 3-shaxs birlik va koplikda kelasi zamonni yasashda yordamchi fel bolib keladi:He will come to London soon. U yaqinda Londonga keladi.Will you have a meeting tomor row? Ertaga sizlarda yigilish bola – dimi?You will see him tonight. Siz uni bu oqshom korasiz. 2. Will 1-shaxs birlik va koplikda modal manosida ishlatiladi va kelasi zamondagi istakni, xohishni, maqsadni, rozilikni yoki vadani ifoda-laydi:I will call on you tomorrow. Men ertaga siznikiga kirib ota-man.We will help him. Biz unga yordam beramiz. 3. Will iltimosni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi:Will you close the window? Derazani yoping, iltimos.Will you pass me the salt? Tuzni uzatib yuborasizmi?Wont you have a glass of water? Bir stakan suv ichmaysizmi?
• 22 WOULD 1. Would (will felining otgan zamon shakli bolib) qoshma gapning bosh gapidagi fel otgan zamonda bolganda ergash gapda, 2 va 3-shaxs birlik va koplikda ishlatiladi:He said that he would come soon. U tezda kelishini aytdi.I told him that you would leave London on Monday. Men unga siz dushanba kuni Lon-dondan jonashingizni aytdim. 2. Would 1-shaxs birlik va koplikda modal manosida ishlatiladi va maqsadni, istakni yoki kelishuvni ifodalaydi: I said I would help him. Men unga yordam berishimni aytdim.We said that we would come to see him. Biz uni korgani kelishimizni aytdik. 3. Would noreal shart gapli ergash gaplarning bosh gapida ishlati- ladi:He would go there if he had time. Agar uning vaqti bolsa, u yerga borar edi. You would have caught the train if you had walked faster. Agar tezroq yurganingizda po -yezd ga ulgurgan bolar edingiz. 4. Would bolishsiz gaplarda ishlatilib, otgan zamonda biror ishni qilishni qattiq istamaslikni ifodalaydi:He tried to persuade me, but I wouldnt listen to him. U meni ishontirishga harakat qi-lardi lekin men unga also quloq solmasdim. I asked him several times to give up smoking, but he wouldnt. Men unga bir necha marta che-kishni tashlashni aytdim, lekin u tashlamadi. 5. Would otgan zamonda takrorlanib turgan ish-harakatni ifoda- laydi:He would sit for hours on the shore and (would) look at the sea. U qirgoqda soatlab otirar va den gizga tikilar edi. I would call on him on my way home. Men uyga qaytishda unikiga ki-rib turar edim. Bu yerda wouldning manosi used toning manosiga yaqinlashadi, le-kin used to koproq ishlatiladi. 6. Would iltimosni ifodalaydi:Would you mind passing me the salt? Menga tuzni uzatib yuborasiz-mi?
• 23 Would you tell me the time, please? Iltimos, vaqtni aytib yubora olmaysizmi? Modal fellarUmumiy malumotlar 1. Can (could), may (might), must, ought to, need modal fellar bolib, mustaqil holda ishlatilmaydi, ular asosiy felning infi nitivi bilan ishlati ladi va asosiy fel ifodalagan ish-harakatning bajarilish imkoniyatini, qobiliyatini, ehtimolligini, zarurligini bildiradi. Modal fellar asosiy fel bi lan birgalikda gapda qoshma kesim bolib keladi:He can do it himself. Buni uning ozi qila oladi.They may come tonight. Ular bu oqshom kelishlari mum- kin.I must speak to him. Men u bilan gaplashishim kerak.This work ought to be done at once. Bu ish zudlik bilan qilinishi ke rak. You neednt do it. Siz buni qilishingiz kerak emas.2. Modal fellar nuqsonli fellar (Defective Verbs) bolib, ularning bosh qa fellarga oxshash hamma shakllari yoq. Can va may fellari-ning hozirgi va otgan zamon shakllari bor: can-could, may-might. Must, need, ought to fellarining faqat hozirgi zamon shakllari mavjud. Modal fellarning infi nitiv, sifatdosh va gerund kabi shaxsi nomalum shakllari mavjud emas. 3. Modal fellardan keyin asosiy fel to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi: I can do it. Men buni qila olaman.You may take it. Siz uni olishingiz mumkin.I must go there. Men u yerga borishim kerak.You neednt do it. Sizga buni qilish zarur emas.You ought to help him. Siz unga yordam berishingiz kerak. 4. Modal fellar hozirgi zamonda 3-shaxs birlikda -s qoshimchasi- ni olmaydi: He can do it. U buni qila oladi. He may take it. U buni olishi mum kin. He must go there. U u yerga borishi kerak. He ought to help him. U unga yordam berishi kerak. Need he do it? U buni qilishi kerakmi? 5. Bolishsiz gaplar yasashda modal feldan keyin not inkor yukla masi qoyiladi: You may not take it. He must not go there. He ought not to help him. He need not do it. Ogzaki nutqda bolishsiz shakl kopin cha qisqarib ketadi:
• 24 cannot = cantcould not = couldntmay not = maynt might not = mightntmust not = mustntought not = oughtnt need not = neednt 6. Soroq gaplar yasashda modal fellar gapdagi eganing oldiga qoyiladi: Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? Need he do it? CAN (COULD) FELI 1. Can modal feli Simple Infi nitiv bilan kelib ish-harakatni bajarish imkoniyatini, mumkinligini, qobiliyatini ifodalaydi, hozirgi va kelasi za mon uchun ishlatiladi:I can do it now. Men uni hozir qila olaman.I can speak English. Men inglizcha gapira olaman.He can fi nish his work next week. U ishini kelasi hafta tugata oladi.This work can be done at once. Bu ishni birdan qilsa boladi. 2. Can ornida be able to ni ham ishlatsa boladi. Be able to hozirgi, otgan va kelasi zamonda ishlatiladi:I can do it. = I am able to do it. Men buni qila olaman.I could do it. = I was able to do it. Men buni qila oldim.I shall be able to do it. Men buni qilishga qodir bola- man.Biror narsaning bolishi mumkin emasligi aytilmoqchi bolganda cant ishlatiladi. Youve only just had dinner. You cant be hungry.3. Can feli Perfect Infi nitiv bilan kelib (can + have + P.P.) bolish siz va soroq gaplarda ishlatiladi va suhbatdosh gapirayotgan, haqiqatda sodir bolgan ish-harakatning bolishi mumkin emasligini ifodalaydi:He cannot have done it. U buni qilgan bolishi mumkin emas.He cannot have said it. Buni u aytmagan bolishi kerak.Can he have said it? Buni u aytganmikin? 4. Could + V ish-harakatni otgan zamonda sodir etish imkoniyatini, qobiliyatini ifodalaydi. Could ornida was (were) able to ham ishlatilishi mumkin:He could (was able to) swim very well when he was young. U yoshligida juda yaxshi suza olar edi.
• 25 He could (was able to) read French books after he had studied French for a year. U bir yil fransuz tilini organgani dan keyin franszcha kitoblarni oqiy olardi. He could (was able to) speak Eng-lish when he was a boy. U bolaligida inglizcha gapira olardi. Amalda (haqiqatda) sodir bolgan ish-harakat togrisida gap ketgan da faqat was (were) able to ishlatiladi:We were able to discharge the steamer in twenty-four hours. Biz yigirma tort soat ichida paro-xodning yukini tushira oldik. He was able to translate the ar-ticle without a dictionary. U maqolani lugatsiz tarjima qila oldi. She was able to do it without my help. U buni mening yordamimsiz qila oldi. 5. Bosh gapi otgan zamonda bolgan ozlashtirma gapning ergash gapida could ishlatiladi: a) Can + V ishlatilgan kochirma gapni ozlashtirma gapga aylantir-ganimizda, ozlashtirma gapda could + V ishlatiladi:He said that he could speak Ger-man. U nemischa gapira olishini ayt-di. He said that he could fi nish his work in time. U ishini vaqtida tugata olishini aytdi. b) Can + have + P.P. ishlatilgan kochirma gapni ozlashtirma gap -ga aylantirganimizda, ozlashtirma gapda could + have + P.P. ishlati-ladi:I said that he couldnt have done it. Men u bunday qila olmasligini aytdim.6. Hozirgi zamon noreal shart gapli qoshma gapning bosh gapida could + V, otgan zamondagi noreal shart gapli qoshma gapning bosh gapida could + have + P.P. ishlatiladi:If he tried, he could do it. Agar harakat qilsa, u buni qila olardi.If he had a good dictionary, he could translate the article. Agar uning yaxshi lugati bolganda, u maqolani tarjima qila olar di. If he had tried, he could have done it. Agar u harakat qilganda, buni qila olgan bolar edi. If he had worked harder, he could have fi nished his work in time. Agar u qattiqroq ishlaganda edi, ishini oz vaqtida tugat-gan bo lardi.
• 26 MAY (MIGHT) 1. May + V ruxsatni ifodalaydi:You may take my dictionary. Siz mening lugatimni olishingiz mumkin.May I come in? Kirsam mumkinmi? May ruxsatni ifodalash uchun faqat hozirgi zamonda ishlatiladi, ot-gan va boshqa zamonlarda might emas, allow felining majhul nisbati ish- latiladi: He was allowed to go there. Unga u yerga borishga ruxsat be rishdi.He has been allowed to go there. Unga u yerga borishga ruxsat be – rishgandi.He will be allowed to go there. Unga u yerga borishga ruxsat beriladi.Izoh: Mayga teskari mumkin emas manosida may not (maynt) bilan bir qatorda must not (mustnt) ham ishlatiladi:You maynt smoke here. Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas.You mustnt smoke here. Bu yerda chekish mumkin emas. 2. May gapiruvchi togriligiga ishonmagan taxminni ifodalaydi: a) may + V hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi taxminni ifodalashda ishla-tiladi:He may know her address. Balki u uning manzilini bilar.He may come to London in the summer. U Londonga yozda kelishi mumkin. May + be + Ving suhbat vaqtida davom etayotgan taxminni ifoda-laydi: Where is he? He may be walking in the gar-den. U qayerda? U bogda sayr qilayotgan bo-lishi mumkin. May bolishsiz gaplarda ham ishlatilishi mumkin:He may not know her address. U uning manzilini bilmasligi mum- kin.You may not fi nd him there. Siz uni u yerdan topa olmasligingiz mumkin. b) may + have + P.P. otgan zamondagi taxminni ifodalaydi:
• 27 He may have left London. U Londondan jonab ketgan bo-lishi mumkin. He may have lost your address. U sizning manzilingizni (adre-singizni) yoqotgan bolishi mum-kin. He may not have come yet. U hali kelmagan bolishi mumkin.3. May + V maqsad ergash gaplarda ishlatiladi: I shall give him my exercises so that he may correct them. Men unga tekshirish uchun mashq larimni beraman. Ill give you the book today so that you may have time to read it before the examination. Imtihonlardan oldin oqishga vaq-tingiz bolishi uchun kitobni men sizga bugun berib turaman. 4. Kochirma gapdagi may + V bosh gapi otgan zamonda bolgan oz-lashtirma gapda might + V bolib keladi:She said that Tom might take her dictionary. U Tom uning lugatini olishi mum kinligini aytdi. 5. Might bosh gapi otgan zamonda bolgan ozlashtirma gapda taxminni ifodalaydi: a) kochirma gapda may + V ishlatilgan bolsa, ozlashtirma gapda might + V ishlatiladi:He said that Nancy might know her address. U uning manzilini Nensi bilishi mumkinligini aytdi. b) kochirma gapda may + have + P.P. ishlatilgan bolsa, ozlashtirma gapda might + have + P.P. ishlatiladi:He said that Nancy might have known their address. U ularning manzilini Nensi bili-shi mumkinligini aytdi. 6. Bosh gapi otgan zamonda bolgan qoshma gapdagi maqsad er gash gaplarda might + V ishlatiladi:I gave him my exercises so that, he might correct them. U tekshirsin deb men mashqla-rimni unga berdim. 7. Hozirgi zamonda bolgan noreal shart gapli qoshma gaplarning bosh gapida might + V ishlatiladi:If you tried, you might get the book. Agar harakat qilganingizda, ki tob -ni olar edingiz. If she called at his offi ce at fi ve oclock, she might fi nd him there. Agar u uning ofi siga soat beshda borganda, uni u yerdan topar edi.
• 28 8. Otgan zamondagi noreal shart ergash gapli qoshma gapning bosh gapida might + have + P.P. ishlatiladi:If he had been here, he might have helped us. Agar u shu yerda bolganda edi u bizga yordam bergan bolishi mumkin edi. If she had called at his offi ce at fi ve oclock yesterday, she might have found him there. Agar u kecha soat beshda unung ofi siga borganda, uni osha yer-dan topgan bolishi mumkin edi. MUST 1. Must feli malum bir kuch tasiridagi zaruratni, buyruq yoki mas-lahatni ifodalaydi. Must kerak deb tarjima qilinib, hozirgi va kelasi za mon-dagi ish-harakatini ifodalaydi:I must do it now. Men buni hozir qilishim kerak.He must go there tomorrow. U osha yerga ertaga borishi ke rak.You must post the letter at once. Siz xatni darhol jonatishingiz ke- rak.You must consult a doctor. Siz doktorga korinishingiz kerak.The work must be done at once. Ish darhol qilinishi kerak.The steamer must be discharged tomorrow. Paroxodning yuki ertaga tushirili-shi kerak. Izoh: Mustning bolishsiz shakli must not modal fel mayning manosiga teskari bolgan taqiqlashni ifodalaydi: May I do it? No, you mustnt. Buni qilsam mumkinmi? Yoq, mumkin emas.Mustga teskari bolgan manoda neednt kerak emas ishlatiladi:He neednt go there. Unga u yerga borish kerak emas.You neednt do it. Siz buni qilishingiz shart emas.Shunday qilib Must I go there? Soroq gapiga quyidagicha javob berish mumkin: Yes, you must. No, you neednt. 2. Malum bir kuch tasiridagi zaruratni have + to + V ham ifodalay-di, lekin bu birikma buyruq va maslahatni ifodalash uchun ishlatil-maydi:I must do it now. = I have to do it now. Men buni hozir qilishim kerak. He must go there tomorrow. = He has to go there tomorrow. U u yerga ertaga borishi kerak. Otgan zamondagi zaruratni ifodalshda had + to + V, kelasi zamonda kopincha shall (will) have + to + V ishlatiladi:
• 29 I had to go there. Men u yerga borishga majbur bol-dim. I shall have to do it. Men buni qilishim kerak boladi.3. Must gapiruvchi togri deb oylagan taxminni ifodalash uchun ish- latiladi. Hozirgi zamondagi taxminni ifodalash uchun must + V, otgan zamondagi taxminni ifodalash uchun must + have + P.P. ishlatiladi:He must know her address. U uning manzilini bilishi kerak.He must be in the library now. U hozir kutubxonada bolishi kerak.Where is he? He must be wal-king in the garden. U qayerda? U bogda sayr qila-yotgan bolishi kerak. They must have forgotten to send us a copy of the telegram with their letter. Ular xat bilan telegrammaning kochirmasini yuborishni unutgan bolishsa kerak. The cases must have been dama-ged during the unloading of the vessel. Qutilar kemaning yuki tushiri-layotganda shikastlangan bolishi kerak. OUGHT TO 1. Ought + to + V hozirgi va kelasi zamondagi axloqiy burch yoki maslahatni ifodalaydi:He ought to help his friend. U dostiga yordam berishi kerak.You ought to be more careful. Siz sal ehtiyotkorroq bolishingiz kerak.2. Ought + to + have + P.P. otgan zamonga taalluqli bolib, biror kishi burchini bajarmaganda yoki nomunosib hatti-harakat qilganda, unga nisbatan tanbeh va tana manosida ishlatiladi:You ought to have done it yester-day. Siz buni kecha qilishingiz ke-rak edi. He ought to have sent that cable. U osha telegrammani jonati-shi ke rak edi. NEED 1. Need + V biror ish-harakatning bajarilishi zarurligini bildiradi va kerak deb tarjima qilinadi. Bu modal fel faqat Simple Presentning so roq va bolishsiz shakllarida ishlatiladi: Need he come here? U bu yerga kelishi kerakmi?You neednt come so early. Siz bunchalik erta kelishingiz ke rak emas.
• 30 Izoh: Need bilan boshlangan soroq gaplarning bolishli javobida must bilan javob beriladi: Need I go there at once? U yerga darhol borishim kerakmi? Yes, you must. Ha, kerak. Aksincha, must bilan boshlangan soroq gaplarning bolishsiz javobida neednt bi lan javob beriladi: Must I go there at once? Men u yerga darhol borishim kerakmi? No, you neednt. Yoq, kerak emas. 2. Need not (neednt) + have + P.P. otgan zamonda sodir bol – gan, lekin shu ish-harakatni bajarish zarurati bolmaganda ishlati-ladi:You neednt have come so early. Siz bunchalik erta kelmasangiz ham bolar edi.3. Need feli asosiy fel bolib keladi va kerak deb tarjima qilinib, bosh qa asosiy fellar kabi hozirgi, otgan va kelasi zamonlarda tuslanadi:You need a long rest. Siz uzoq dam olishingiz kerak.I dont need your book any longer. Endi menga sizning kitobingiz kerak emas.Does he need my help? Unga mening yordamim kerakmi?We needed the dictionary badly. Bizga lugat juda ham kerak boldi.Ill need your advice. Menga sizning maslahatingiz ke- rak boladi.4. Need asosiy fel bolib keladi va jonli egadan keyin kelganda uning orqasidan infi nitiv ishlatiladi: Jonli ega + need + to + V John and his brother need to paint the house. Jon bilan ukasi uyni boyashlari kerak. My friend needs to learn Spa nish. Mening dostim ispanchani orga nishi kerak. He will need to drive alone tonight. U bu oqshom yakka ozi mashi-na haydashi kerak. 5. Need asosiy fel sifatida jonsiz egadan keyin kelsa, undan keyin yoki gerund, yoki majhul nisbatdagi infi nitiv ishlatiladi: Jonsiz ega + need +
• 31 The grass needs cutting.The television needs repairing. The composition needs rewriting. The grass needs to be cut.The television needs to be repai-red.The composition needs to be re -w ritten. NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB(FELNING SHAXSI NOMALUM SHAKLLARI) Umumiy malumotlar1. Felning shaxsi nomalum shakllari shaxsni, sonni va maylni ifoda- lamaydi, shuning uchun ham ular gapda kesim bolib kela olmaydi. 2. Felning shaxsi nomalum shakllarining ikkita xususiyati bor; otlik va fellik. Sifatdoshda fellik va sifatlik xususiyatlari mavjud. Gerund va infi nitivda fellik va otlik xususiyatlari mavjud. The infi nitive (Infi nitiv) Umumiy malumotlarInfi nitiv felning shaxsi nomalum shakli bolib, harakatning no- mini bildiradi; shaxsini ham, sonini ham korsatmaydi. Infinitiv-ning korsatkichi tarjima qilinmaydigan va urgu olmaydigan to yukla-masidir. Infi nitive otning kopgina xususiyatlarini saqlab qolgan va otga ox-shab gapda quyidagi vazifalarda keladi: 1. Ega bolib keladi:To skate is pleasant. Yaxmalak uchish yoqimli. 2. Ot-kesim tarkibida keladi:Your duty was to inform me about it immediately. Bu haqda menga zudlik bilan xa-bar qilish sizning burchingiz edi. 3. Fel kesim tarkibida keladi:She began to translate the article. U maqolani tarjima qila boshladi. 4. Toldiruvchi bolib keladi:I asked him to help me. Men undan menga yordam beri- shini soradim.5. Aniqlovchi bolib keladi: He expressed a desire to help me. U menga yordam berish istagini bildirdi.
• 32 6. Hol bolib keladi:I went to the station to see off a friend. Men bir dostimni kuzatgani stan siyaga bordim. Infi nitivning fellik xususiyatlari quyidagilarda korinadi:1. Infi nitiv ozidan keyin vositasiz toldiruvchi olishi mumkin: I told him to post the letter. Men unga xatni jonatishni aytdim.2. Infi nitiv ravish bilan aniqlanishi mumkin: I asked him to speak slowly. Men undan sekin gapirishni sora-dim. 3. Infi nitivning zamon va nisbat shakllari mavjud.Ingliz tilida otimli fellarning oddiy nisbatda tortta shakli va majhul nisbatda ikkita shakli mavjud: Active Passive Simple Continuous PerfectPerfect Continuous to askto be askingto have askedto have been asking to be asked to have been asked INFINITIV SHAKLLARINING YASALISHI 1. Simple Infi nitive Active to ask infi nitivning oddiy shaklidir. Lugatda shu shakl (to siz) beriladi. Qolgan hamma shakllar murakkab shakllardir. 2. Continuous Infi nitive Active to be feli va asosiy felning Present Par ticiple shakli yordamida yasaladi: to be asking. 3. Perfect Infi nitive Active to have feli va asosiy felning Past Particip-le shakli yordamida yasaladi: to have asked. 4. Perfect Continuous Infi nitive Active to be felining Perfect Infi nitive shakli to have been va asosiy felning Present Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to have been asking. 5. Simple Infi nitive Passive to be felining shakli va asosiy fel ning Past Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to be asked. 6. Perfect Infi nitive Passive to be felining Perfect Infi nitive shakli to have been va asosiy felning Past Participle shakli yordamida yasaladi: to have been asked. 7. Infi nitive oldiga not yuklamasini qoyish bilan infi nitivning bolishsiz shakli yasaladi: not to ask, not to be asked.
• 33 ACTIVE INFINITIVE VA PASSIVE INFINITIVE 1. Infi nitiv ifodalagan ish-harakati malum bir shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bolmasligi mumkin:To drive a car in a big city is very diffi cult. Katta shaharda mashina hay-dash juda qiyin. Kopgina hollarda infi nitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat malum shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli boladi:I intended to go there.(to go infi ni-tivi ifodalagan ish-harakat I egaga qarashli.) Men u yerga borishga qaror qil-dim. Ask him to come early.(to come in-fi nitivi ifodalagan ish-harakat him toldiruvchiga qarashli.) Unga erta kelishini ayting. 2. Infi nitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat osha infi nitiv qarashli bolganshaxs yoki buyum tomonidan sodir etilsa, Active Infi nitive ishlatiladi:He has a great desire to invite you to the party. U sizni kechaga taklif qilishni juda istaydi. I want to inform Tom of Bills ar-rival. Men Tomni Billning kelganidan xabardor qilishni istayman. 3. Infi nitiv ifodalagan ish-harakat osha infi nitiv qarashli bolganshaxs yoki buyumga nisbatan (boshqalar tomonidan) sodir etilsa, Pas sive Infi nitive ishlatiladi:He has a great desire to be invited to the party. U ozini ziyofatga (kechaga) taklif qilishlarini juda istaydi. I want to be informed of her ar-rival. Menga uning kelganini xabar qi-lishlarini istayman. SIMPLE VA PERFECT INFINITIVE Simple Infi nitive (ham Active, ham Passive) quyidagi hollarda ishlatiladi: 1. Infi nitiv gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir vaqtda sodir etiladigan ish-harakatni ifodalaganda:I am glad to see you. Men sizni korishdan xursandman.I saw him enter the house. Men uning uyga kirganini kor dim. 2. Infi nitiv may, must, should, ought modal fellari bilan va to expect umid qilmoq, kutmoq, to intend qasd qilmoq, to hope umid qilmoq, to want 3 M. Gapporov
• 34 istamoq kabi fellar bilan kelib, kelasi zamondagi ish-harakatini ifoda-laydi:He may come tomorrow. U ertaga kelishi mumkin.I hope to see him at the concert. Men uni konsertda uchratishni umid qilaman.I intend to go there on Sunday. Men u yerga yakshanba kuni bo- rish niyatidaman.3. Vaqtdan qati nazar, umuman sodir boladigan ish-harakatni ifo- dalaydi:To skate is pleasant. Yaxmalak uchish yoqimli. Perfect Infi nitive (ham Active, ham Passive) quyidagi hollarda ishla-tiladi: 1. Perfect Infi nitive gapning kesimidagi fel ifodalagan ish-harakat-dan oldin sodir bolgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:He seems to have fi nished his work. U ishini tugatganga oxshaydi. This writer is said to have written a new novel. Aytishlaricha bu yozuvchi yan-gi roman yozgan. 2. may va must fellaridan keyin kelib ish-harakat allaqachon sodir bolgan degan taxminni ifodalash uchun:He must have fogotten about it. U buni unutgan bolishi kerak.I dont know where he is. He may have gone to London. Uning qayerdaligini bilmay-man. Londonga ketgan bolishi mumkin. 3. should, would, could, might, ought to, va was (were) to modal fella-ridan keyin kelib bajarilishi lozim bolgan va bajarilishi mumkin bolgan, lekin haqiqatda bajarilmagan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:He should (ought to) have gone there. U osha yoqqa ketgan bolishi kerak edi. You could have helped him. Siz unga yordam bera olardingiz.He was to have come yesterday. U kecha kelishi kerak edi. 4. to intend, to hope, to expect, to mean fellarining otgan zamondagi shaklidan keyin kelib ish-harakatni sodir qilishga qasd, umid bolishiga, shu ish-harakatni sodir etilishini kutishga qaramay shu ish-harakat sodir bolmaganligini bildiradi:I intended to have fi nished my work last night. Men kecha oqshom ishimni tuga-tishga qasd qilgan edim (tugata olmadim). I hoped to have met him there. Men uni osha yerda uchratishni umid qilgan edim (uchratmadim).
• 35 CONTINUOUS VA PERFECT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE 1. Continuous Infi nitive gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir payt- da davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:That fi rm is reported to be conduc-ting negotiations for the purchase of sugar. Xabar berilishicha, osha fi rma shakar sotib olish haqida mu-zokaralar olib borayotgan ekan. The weather seems to be impro-ving. Ob-havo yaxshilanayotganga ox shaydi. 2. Perfect Continuous Infi nitive gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin uzoq vaqt davomida davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:They are said to have been conduc-ting negotiations for a long time. Aytishlaricha, ular muzokara-larni uzoq vaqt olib borishgan. He is known to have been wor king on this problem for many years. Uning bu muammo ustida kop yillar ishlaganligini odam lar biladi. INFINITIVNING to YUKLAMASI BILAN KELISHI 1. Odatda infi nitivdan oldin to yuklamasi keladi: to speak, to buy. Agar gapda ikkita infi nitiv bolib, ular and yoki or boglovchisi bilan bog-langan bolsa, ikkinchi infi nitivdan oldin to yuklamasi qoyilmaydi:I intend to call on him and dis-cuss this question. Men unikiga borib bu masalani muhokama qilmoq chiman. I asked him to telephone to me on Monday or wire. Men undan dushanba kuni telefon qilishini yoki telegramma berishini soradim. 2. Quyidagi fellardan keyin har doim infi nitiv to yuklamasi bilanishlatiladi:afford qurbi yetmoq manage eplamoqagree kelishmoq, mean kozda tutmoqkonmoq, rozi bolmoq need kerak bolmoqappear korinmoq offer taklif qilmoqarrange uyushtirmoq plan rejalashtirmoqask soramoq prepare tayyorlamoqattempt urinmoq pretend mugambirlik qilmoqbeg yalinmoq promise vada bermoqcare qiziqmoq refuse rad etmoqclaim davo qilmoq regret afsuslanmoqconsent rozi bolmoq remember eslamoq
• 36 decide qaror qilmoq demand talab qilmoqdeserve arzimoqdesire qattiq istamoqexpect kutmoqfail muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchra moqforget unutmoqhesitate ikkilanmoqhope umid qilmoq intend niyat qilmoqlearn organmoq seem bolib korinmoqstrive harakat qilmoqstruggle kurashmoq, urinmoqswear ont ichmoqtend och bolmoqthreaten qorqitmoqtry urinmoqvolunteer yordamini taklif qilmoqwait kutmoqwant istamoqwish istamoq, xohlamoq I cant afford to buy it. Buni sotib olishga mening qur-bim yetmaydi. She appeard to be tired. U charchagan korinadi.They agreed to help us. Ular bizga yordam berishga rozi bolishdi.Ill arrange to meet you at the air-port. Men sizni aeroportda kutib olish-ni uyushtiraman. He asked to come with us. U biz bilan borishini soradi.The President will attempt to re-duce infl ation. President infl atsiyani kamayti rish-ga harakat qiladi. He begged to come with us. U biz bilan bormoqchi bolib yalindi. I dont care to see that show. Men bu tomoshani korishga qiziq mayman. She claims to know a famous movie star. U mashhur fi lm yulduzini taniy-man deb davo qiladi. She fi nally consented to marry him. Nihoyat u unga turmushga chi-qishga rozi boldi. I have decided to leave on Mon-day. Men dushanba kuni jonashga qaror qildim. I demand to know who is respon-sible. Kim javobgarligini bilishni talab qilaman. I promise not to be late. Kechikmaslikka vada beraman. I refuse to believe his story. Uning hikoyasiga ishonishdan bosh tortaman. I regret to tell you that you failed. Sizning muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uch -ra ganingizni aytishdan afsuslana-man.
• 37 I remembered to lock the door. Eshikni qulfl aganim esimga tush-di. He pretends not to under-stand. U ozini tushunmaganga solyap-ti. He volunteered to help us. U oz ixtiyori bilan bizga yordam bermoqchi. I will wait to hear from you. Men sizdan xabar kelishini kuta-man. I want to tell you something. Men sizga bir nima aytmoqchi-man. She wishes to come with us. U biz bilan borishni xohlaydi.That cat seems to be friendly. Osha mushuk ozini dostona tutmoqda.I struggled to stay awake. Men uxlab qolmaslikka harakat qildim.She swore to tell the truth. U haqiqatni aytishga qasam ich- di.She threatened to tell my par-ents. U meni ota-onamga aytish bilan qorqitdi. She deserves to win the prize. U mukofotni yutsa arziydi.I expect to enter graduate school in the fall. Men kuzda aspiranturaga kirishni umid qilaman. She failed to return the book to the library in time. U kitobni kutubxonaga vaqtida qay-tara olmadi. I forgot to mail the letter. Men xatni jonatishni unutibman.Dont hesitate to ask for my help. Mendan yordam sorashga ikki-lanmang. Jack hopes to arrive next week. Jek kelasi hafta qaytib kelishga umid qiladi. He learned to play the piano. U pianino chalishni organdi.She managed to fi nish her work early. U ishini erta tugatishga muvaffaq boldi. I didnt mean to hurt your fe-elings. Men sizning dilingizni ogritmoq-chi emas edim. They offered to help us. Ular bizga yordamlarini taklif qilishdi. We prepared to welcome them. Biz ularni kutib olishga tayyorgar-lik kordik.
• 38 John expects to begin studying law next semester. Jon keyingi semestrda huquqni organmoqchi. Mary learned to swim when she was very young. Meri juda yoshligida suzishni organgan. The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting. Budjet qomitasi bu yigilishni kechiktirishga qaror qildi. The President will attempt to re-duce infl ation in the next four years. Prezident keyingi tort yilda infl a tsiyani kamaytirishga ha-rakat qiladi. The sportsmen are preparing to at-tack the record. Sportchilar rekordga hujum qi-lishga tayyorgarlik korishyapti. 3. Quyidagi orqasidan ot (yoki olmosh) kelgan fellardan keyin har doim infi nitive to yuklamasi bilan keladi: advise maslahat bermoq allow ruxsat bermoq ask soramoq beg yalinmoq cause sabab bolmoq challenge chaqirmoq convince ishontirmoq dare botinmoq encourage undamoq expect umid qilmoqforbid taqiqlamoqforce majbur qilmoqhire yollamoqinstruct korsatma ber moqinvite taklif qilmoqneed kerak (zarur) bol moqorder buyurmoqpermit ruxsat bermoq persuade ishontirmoq re-mind eslatmoqrequire talab qilmoqteach oqitmoq, or gatmoqtell aytmoq, demoqurge undamoq, ishontirmoq want istamoqwarn ogohlantirmoq She advised me to wait until to-morrow. U menga ertagacha kutishni maslahat qildi. She allowed me t o use her car. U menga mashinasini ishlatish-ga ruxsat berdi. I asked John to help us. Men Jondan bizga yordam beri-shini soradim. They begged us to come. Ular bizning kelishimizni ilti-mos qilishdi. Her laziness caused her to fail. Uning dangasaligi uning muvaf-faqiyatsizligiga sabab boldi. I couldnt convince him to accept our help. Men uni yordamimizni qabul qi -li sh ga kondira olmadim. He encouraged me to try again. U meni yana urinib korishga da vat etdi. I expect you to be on time. Men sizning vaqtida kelishin-gizga umid qilaman.
• 39 I forbid you to tell him. Buni unga aytishingizni ta-qiqlayman. They forced him to tell the truth. Ular uni haqiqatni aytishga maj-bur qilishdi. She hired a boy to mow the lawn. U maysani orish uchun bir bolani yolladi. He instructed them to be careful. U ularga ehtiyot bolishga kor-satma berdi. Harry invited the Bells to come to his party. Harri Bellarni ziyofatiga kelish-ga taklif qildi. We needed Chris to help us fi gure out the solution. Bizga Kris yechimni hisoblab chiqish uchun kerak edi. The judge ordered me to pay a fi ne. Sudya menga jarima tolashni bu yurdi. He permitted the children to stay up late. U bolalarga kech yotishga rux-sat berdi. I persuaded him to come for a visit. Men uni mehmonga kelishga kondirdim. She reminded me to lock the door. U menga eshikni qulflashni eslatdi. Our teacher requires us to be on time. Oqituvchimiz bizdan vaqtida ke lishni talab qiladi. My brother taught me to swim. Mening akam menga suzishni orgatdi. The doctor told me to take these pills. Doktor menga bu dorilarni ichish ni aytdi. I urged her to apply for the job. Men uni ishga kirish uchun ariza yozishga undadim. I want you to be happy. Men sizning baxtli bolishingizni istayman. I warned you not to drive too fast. Men sizni mashinani juda tez hay-damang deb ogohlantirgan edim. 4. Quyidagi sifatlardan keyin infi nitiv to yuklamasi bilan keladi: anxious ableboring commondangerousdiffi culteager easy qattiq istovchiqodirzerikarli oddiyxavfl iqiyinintiluvchioson goodhard pleasedpreparedreadystrangeusual yaxshiqattiq, ogir xursandtayyortayyorbegona, ga la tiodatiy
• 40 Muhammad is anxious to see his family. Muhammad oilasini korishni qat tiq istaydi (oilasidan tashvishlanadi). It is dangerous to drive in this weather. Bunday havoda mashina haydash xavfl i. We are ready to leave now. Biz hozir jonashga tayyormiz.It is diffi cult to pass this test. Bu testdan otish qiyin.It is uncommon to fi nd such good crops in this section of the count-ry. Mamlakatning bu qismida bunday hosilni uchratish gayrioddiy. Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college. Ritsuko kollejga qabul qilinganidan xursand. 5. to stop, to remember, to forget, to try fellaridan keyin infi nitiv ham, gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin, faqat mano ozroq ozgaradi:John stopped studying. Jon oqishni toxtatdi (boshqa oqimaydi.).John stopped to study. Jon oqish uchun toxtadi.I remembered to lock the door be-fore I left but I forgot to shut the windows. Men uydan chiqayotganimda eshik-ni qulfl ash esimga keldi, lekin dera-zani yopishni unutibman. I clearly remember locking the door before I left. Uydan chiqqanimda eshikni qulf-laganim aniq esimda. Please remember to post the letter. Iltimos, xatni jonatish esingizda tursin (unutmang). I was very tired. I tried to keep my eyes open but I couldnt. Juda charchagan ekanman. Men kozlarimni ochib turishga hara-kat qilardim lekin bu qolimdan kelmasdi. Please try to be quiet when you come home. Iltimos uyga borganingizda ogir-roq bolishga harakat qiling. I cant fi nd anywhere to live. Why dont you try putting an ad-vertisement in the newspaper? Yashashga hech qayerdan joy topa olmayapman. Nega gaze tada elon berib sinab kor maysiz? Ive got a terrible headache. I tried taking an aspirin but it didnt help. Boshim qattiq ogridi. Men aspirin ichib sinab kordim, lekin u yor-dam bermadi. Dont forget to post the letters. Xatlarni jonatishni unutmang.6. begin, continue, hate, like, love, start, cant stand fellaridan keyin infi nitiv ham, gerund ham ishlatilishi mumkin, lekin manoda ozgarish bolmaydi:
• 41 I like to go (going) to movies. Men kinoga borishni yoqtiraman.I love to play (playing) chess. Men shaxmat oynashni sevaman.It started to snow (snowing). Qor yoga boshladi. 7. to want, to wish, to mean, to try, to allow, to be going to, ought to, to have to, should (would) like, used fellaridan keyin gapda oldin ishla tilgan infi nitiv qayta takrorlanganda osha infi nitivning ornida faqat to yuk lamasi kelishi mumkin:He wants me to go there tonight, but I dont want to (go tushuni-ladi). Bu oqshom u mening u yerga borishimni istaydi, lekin men borishni istamayman. I was asked to take part in the trip, but I am not going to (take part tushuniladi). Mendan sayohatda ishtirok etish ni sorashdi, lekin men qatnashmoq-chi emasman. The boy wanted to go for a bathe, but was not allowed to (go tushu-niladi). Bola chomilishga borishni istar edi, lekin unga ruxsat berish-madi. I didnt want to stay there, but I had to (stay tushuniladi). Men u yerda qolishni istamagan-dim, lekin qolishimga togri keldi. INFINITIVNING to YUKLAMASISIZ ISHLATILISHI Infi nitiv quyidagi hollarda to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi:1. must, can (could), may (might) va need modal fellaridan keyin: You must do it at once. Siz buni darhol qilishingiz kerak.He can speak German. U nemischa gapira oladi.May I come in? Kirsam mumkinmi?Need he come here? Uning bu yerga kelishi shartmi? 2. to make majbur qilmoq, to let ruxsat bermoq, to see kormoq, watch kuzatmoq, to hear eshitmoq, to feel his qilmoq, bazan to help yordam bermoq (ayniqsa AQSHda) va boshqa fellardan keyin obyektiv kelishikdagi olmosh yoki otdan keyin infi nitiv to yuklamasisiz ishlatiladi: ega + see(watch, hear, feel) + ot (olmosh) + V He made me read this book. U meni bu kitobni oqishga maj-bur qildi. I let him go there. Men unga u yerga borishga ruxsat berdim. Help me (to) do it. Buni qilishga menga yordam be-ring.
• 42 I saw her leave the room. Men uni xonadan chiqqanini kor-dim. I heard her sing. Men uning kuylaganini eshitdim.I felt him put his hand on my shoulder. Men uni qolini yelkamga qoy-ganini his qildim. Izoh: Yuqoridagi fellar majhul nisbatda ishlatilganda, ulardan keyin keladigan fel to yuklamasi bilan ishlatiladi:He was made to do it. Buni qilishga uni majbur qilishdi.He was seen to leave the room. Uning xonadan chiqqanini korish gan. 3. had better yaxshisi, would rather, would sooner yaxshisi kabi birik-malardan keyin:You had better go there at once. Siz yaxshisi u yerga birdan bo- ring.I would rather not tell them about it. Yaxshisi men bu haqda ularga aytmayman. He said he would sooner stay at home. U yaxshisi uyda qolishini aytdi. FOR + OT (OBYEKTIV KELISHIKDAGI OLMOSH) + INFINITIV Bu qurilma mustaqil murakkab gap bolagi sifatida namoyon boladi (qoshma ega, qoshma kesim, qoshma aniqlovchi, qoshma hol). Bu qurilmada oddiy va majhul nisbatdagi infi nitiv ishlatilishi mumkin:It is easy for you to say that. Buni aytish sizga oson.It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. Mollarni qattiq qutilarga joylash zarur. This is for you to decide. Buni siz hal qilishingiz kerak.The fi rst thing for me to do is to fi nd out when the steamer arrives. Mening qiladigan birinchi ishim paroxodning qachon kelishini aniq lash. The water was too cold for the chil-dren to bathe. Suv bolalarga chomilish uchun juda sovuqlik qilardi. NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE (INFINITIVLI NOMINATIV) Ega + kesim + to + V It is said aytishlaricha, it is reported xabar berilishicha, it seems ox-shaydi, it is likely ehtimol deb boshlanuvchi ergashgan qoshma gaplarni
• 43 tarkibida infi nitivli nominativ bolgan sodda gaplar bilan almashtirish mumkin: Ergashgan qoshma gap Sodda gapIt is said that they know Chinese very well.Aytishlaricha ular xitoy tilini juda yaxshi biladilar. They are said to know Chinese very well.Aytishlaricha ular xitoy tilini juda yaxshi biladilar. Infinitivli nominativlarda infinitivning har xil turlari ishlatilishi mum kin. 1. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda sodir boladigan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun Simple Infi nitive ishlatiladi:He is said to live in London. Aytishlaricha u Londonda yashay di.He was said to know several oriental languages. Aytishlaricha u bir nechta sharq tillarini bilgan. 2. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda uzoq davom eta-digan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun Continuous Infi nitive ishlatiladi:He is said to be writing a new play. Aytishlaricha u yangi pyesa yoza yotgan ekan.The water seems to be boiling. Suv qaynayotganga oxshaydi. 3. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bolgan ish-hara- katni ifodalash uchun Perfect Infi nitive ishlatiladi:He is said to have lived in Brigh-ton. Uni Braytonda yashagan deyi -shadi. He is said to have been appointed director of a big plant. Aytishlaricha u katta bir zavod-ning direktori etib tayinlangan. The steamer was known to have left port on the 15th May. Aytishlaricha paroxod portni 15-mayda tark etgan. 4. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin malum vaqt davomida davom etgan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun Perfect Continuous Infi nitive ishlatiladi:The goods are reported to have been awaiting shipment for several days. Xabar berilishicha mollar yuk-lashni bir necha kun kutib qol-gan. He was said to have been travel-ling about the country a good deal. Aytishlaricha u mamlakat boylab ancha vaqt sayohat qilayotgan edi.
• 44 INFINITIVLI NOMINATIVNING ISHLATISH HOLATLARI 1. Gapning kesimi to say gapirmoq, to state aytmoq, bildirmoq, to re-port xabar bermoq, to announce elon qilmoq, to believe hisoblamoq, to sup pose moljallamoq, taxmin qilmoq, to think oylamoq, hisoblamoq, to expect umid qilmoq, to know malum bolmoq, bilmoq, to understand bilmoq manosida, to consider hisoblamoq, to see kormoq, to hear eshitmoq va boshqa fellarning majhul nisbatdagi shakli bilan ifodalanganda infi nitivli nominativ ishlatiladi:He is said to live in Boston. (= It is said that he lives in Boston.) Aytishlaricha u Bostonda yashaydi. This plant is known to produce tractors.(= It is known that this plant produces tractors.) Bu zavodning traktor ishlab chiqa rishi malum. They are believed to be on their way to Samarkand.. (= It is believed that they are on their way to Samar-qand.) Ularni Samarqandga ketayapti-lar deb hisoblaydilar. The delegation is reported to have left Tashkent. (= It is reported that the delegation has left Tashkent.) Xabar berilishicha delegatsiya Toshkentdan jonab ketgan. Izoh: 1) to expect felidan keyin Simple Infi nitive kelsa, kelasi zamondagi ish-hara katni ifodalaydi:He was expected to arrive in the evening. Uning kechqurun kelishini kutishayotgan (umid qilishayotgan) edilar. 2) to consider felidan keyin bazan to be infi nitivi tushib qoladi:He is considered (to be) an experienced engineer. Uni tajribali injener deb hisoblashadi. 2. Gapning kesimi to seem, to appear oxshamoq, korinmoq, to prove malum bolmoq, to happen, to chance voqe (so dir) bolmoq fellari ning oddiy nisbatdagi shakli bilan ifodalanganda infi nitivli nominativ ishla-tiladi: He seems to know English well. (=It seems that he knows English well.) U inglizchani yaxshi biladigan-ga oxshaydi. The weather appears to be impro-ving. (= It appears that the weat her is improving.) Ob-havo yaxshilanadiganga ox-shaydi. I happened to be there at that time. (= It happened that I was there at that time.) Osha paytda men tasodifan osha yerda edim.
• 45 He proved to be a good worker.(= It proved that he was a good worker.) U yaxshi ishchi ekan. Izoh: to seem, to appear, to prove fellaridan keyin kopincha to be feli tushib qo ladi; He seemed (to be) angry. U achchiglanganga oxshaydi. (Uning jah-li chiqqanga oxshay di.) He proved (to be) a good engineer. U yaxshi injener ekan. 3. Gapning kesimi tarkibida likely ehtimol, balki, unlikely mahol, ehtimoldan uzoq, certain shubhasiz, begumon, sure aniq, ishonchli sifatlari bolganda ulardan keyin infi nitivli nominativ ishlatiladi. Simple Infi nitive ishlatilsa, kelasi zamondagi ish-harakatni bildiradi:They are likely to come soon. (= It is likely that they will come soon.) Aftidan ular tezda kelishadi. The goods are unlikely to arrive at the end of the week. (= It is unlikely that the goods will arrive at the end of the week.) Mollarni haftaning oxirigacha yetib kelishi mahol (dargu-mon). They are certain to come to Lon-don. (= It is certain that they will come to London.) Ular shubhasiz Londonga keli-shadi. He is sure to return soon. U albatta tezda qaytib keladi. Likely bilan yasalgan infi nitivli birikmalar aniqlovchi ergash gaplarda ham uchraydi:The delegates, who are likely to arrive tomorrow, will be lodged at this hotel. Ertaga yetib kelishlari ehti-mol tuti layotgan delegatlar bu mehmon xonaga joylashtiriladi. The delegates likely to come tomor-row will be lodged at this hotel. Ertaga yetib kelishlari ehti-mol tuti layotgan delegatlar bu mehmon xonaga joylashtiriladi. MUSTAQIL INFINITIVLI BIRIKMA Ingliz tilida bosh kelishikdagi ot va infi nitivdan iborat birikma uchraydi. Bunday birikmalar mustaqil infi nitivli birikma deyiladi. Bu birikmadagi ot infi nitiv ifodalagan ish-harakatning bajaruvchisi yoki shu ish harakat tasiridagi shaxs yoki buyumdir. Bunday birikmalar odatda, gap ning oxirida keladi va vergul bilan ajratiladi. Mustaqil infi nitivli birikmalar yuridik matnlarda va tijorat hujjatlarida uchraydi:
• 46 The sellers offered the buyers 5000 tons of gas oil, delivery to be made in October. Sotuvchilar xaridorlarga 5000 ton-na gazoyl taklif qildilar, yetkazib berish oktabrda amalga oshi riladi. The buyers requested the sel-lers to keep them informed of the position of the vessel, the communications to be addressed to their agents. Xaridorlar sotuvchilardan kema-ning joyini bildirib turishni sora-dilar, buning ustiga ozlari ning agentlari orqali. Gerund Umumiy malumotlar1. Gerund felning fellik va otlik xususiyatiga ega bolgan shaklidir. Gerundda infi nitivga qaraganda otlik xususiyati koproq. Ozbek tilida gerundga harakat nomi togri keladi. 2. Gerund otlik xususiyatiga ega bolganligi uchun gapda otga ox shab quyidagi vazifalarda keladi: 1) ega bolib keladi:Reading is her favouraite occupa-tion. Oqish uning sevimli mashgu loti. 2) ot-kesim tarkibida keladi:Her greatest pleasure is reading. Uning eng sevimli mashguloti oqish.3) fel kesim tarkibida keladi: He fi nished reading the newspa-per. U gazetani oqishni tugatdi. 4) vositasiz toldiruvchi bolib keladi:I remember reading the book. Men kitobni oqiganimni es- layman.5) predlogli vositali toldiruvchi bolib keladi: I am fond of reading. Men oqishni yaxshi koraman.6) aniqlovchi bolib keladi: I had the pleasure of reading in the newspaper of your success. Men sizning muvaffaqiyat-ingiz haqida gazetada oqib rohatlan dim. 7) hol bolib keladi:After reading the letter I put it into the drawer. Men xatni oqiganimdan keyin uni galadonga solib qoydim.
• 47 3. Gerund otga oxshab ozidan oldin predlog olishi mumkin, egalik olmoshi yoki qaratqich kelishigidagi ot bilan kelishi mumkin:Tom left without fi nishing his dinner. Tom ovqatini yeb bolmasdan chiqib ketdi. We insisted on their chartering a vessel at once. Biz ulardan zudlik bilan kema yollashlarini talab qildik. We objected to the buyers paying only part of the invoice amount. Biz xaridorlarning yuk haqining faqat bir qismini tolashiga etiroz bildirdik. 4. Gerund feli quyidagi xususiyatlarga ega:a) gerund vositasiz toldiruvchi olishi mumkin: I remember reading this book. Men bu kitobni oqiganimni eslayman.b) gerund ravish bilan aniqlanishi mumkin: He likes reading aloud. U ovoz chiqarib oqishni yoqtiradi.c) gerund zamon va nisbat shakllariga ega boladi: Active Passive Simple Perfect readinghaving read being readhaving been read ODDIY NISBATDAGI GERUND (ACTIVE GERUND) VA MAJHUL NISBATDAGI GERUND (PASSIVE GERUND) 1. Gerund malum shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bolmagan ish-hara katni ifodalashi mumkin:Swimmimg is a good exercise. Suzish yaxshi mashq. Lekin kopincha gerund ifodalagan ish-harakat malum shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli boladi:Tom left without fi nishing his din-ner. (fi nishing Tomga egaga qa-rashli). Tom ovqatini yeb bolmasdan chiqib ketdi.. Thank you for coming (coming toldiruvchi youga qarashli). Kelganingiz uchun rahmat. 2. Gerund ifodalagan ish-harakat u qarashli bolgan shaxs yoki bu yum tomonidan bajarilsa, Active Gerund ishlatiladi:He likes inviting his friends to his house. U dostlarini uyiga taklif qilishni yoqtiradi. I remember having shown her the letter. Men unga xatni korsatganimni eslayman. He entered the room without noti-cing Kate. U xonaga Keytni payqamay kirib keldi.
• 48 3. Gerund ifodalayotgan ish-harakat u qarashli bolgan shaxs yoki buyumga qarashli bolmasdan, boshqa shaxs yoki buyum tomonidan sodir etilayotgan bolsa, Passive Gerund ishlatiladi:He likes being invited by his friends. U dostlari uni taklif qilishlarini yoqtiradi. I remember having been shown the letter. Menga xatni korsatganlarini es-layman. He entered the room without be-ing noticed. U ozini payqatmasdan xonaga kirdi. (Uning xonaga kirganini payqashmadi.) 4. Bazan to need, to want, to require kerak manosida kelgan fellar dan keyin va worth arziydigan sifatidan keyin Active Gerund Passive Gerund manosida ishlatiladi:My shoes need repairing (being re-paired emas). Men tufl igimni tamirlatishim ke rak. This dress wants washing (being washed emas). Bu kuylakni yuvish kerak. These bags require drying (being dried emas). Bu xaltalarni quritish kerak. The book is worth reading (being read emas). Bu kitobni oqisa arziydi. SIMPLE VA PERFECT GERUND 1. Quyidagi hollarda Simple Gerund ishlatiladi:a) gapning kesimidagi ish-harakat bilan bir paytda sodir bolgan ish- harakatni ifodalash uchun:I am surprised at hearing this. Bu menga galati eshitiladi.I was quite disappointed at not fi n ding him there. Men uni u yerdan topa olmaganim uchun hafsalam pir boldi. b) kelasi zamonga taalluqli bolgan ish-harakatni ifodalash uchun:We intend shipping the goods in May. Biz mollarni may oyida yuk-lashni niyat qilganmiz. We think of going there in the sum-mer. Biz yozda u yerga borishni oyla-yapmiz. c) vaqtdan qati nazar:Swimming is a good exercise. Suzish yaxshi mashq.Loading heavy weights requires great skill. Ogir yuklarni yuklash katta mahorat talab qiladi.
• 49 2. Gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bolgan ish-hara katni ifodalash uchun Perfect Gerund ishlatiladi:I dont remember having seen him before. Men uni ilgari korganimni esla-mayman. He mentioned having read it in the paper. U buni gazetada oqiganini eslat-di. 3. on (upon), after predloglaridan keyin gerund ifodalaydigan ish-harakati gapning kesimidagi ish-harakatidan oldin sodir bolgan bolsa ham Simple Gerund ishlatiladi:On receiving the answer of the fi rm we handed all the documents to our legal adviser. Firma javobini olganda biz bar-cha hujjatlarni yuristimizga ber-dik. After concluding the contract, the representative of the fi rm left Lon-don. Shartnoma tuzilgach fi rma va-kili Londonni tark etdi. 4. Gerunddagi ish-harakat kesimdagi ish-harakatdan oldin sodir bol-ganligini takidlash zarurati bolmaganda Perfect Gerund emas Simple Gerund ishlatiladi:I thank you for coming. (for ha ving come emas). Kelganingiz uchun rahmat. He apologized for leaving the door open (for having left emas). U eshikni ochiq qoldirgani uchun kechirim soradi. GERUNDNING VAZIFALARI 1. Gerund kopincha predloglar bilan kelib, gapda vositali toldiruvchi, aniqlovchi va ot-kesim tarkibida keladi. Predloglar faqat ot oldida ishlatilganligi sababli, har qanday predlogdan keyin fel otga yaqin bol gan shakl gerundga aylanadi. 2. Gerund predlogsiz ega, vositasiz toldiruvchi, fel kesim va ot-kesim tarkibida kelishi mumkin. GERUNDNING PREDLOGLARDAN KEYIN KELISHI 1. Predlog talab qiluvchi kopgina fellardan, sifatlardan, sifatdosh lardan va otlardan keyin gerund ishlatiladi va predlogli vositali toldi ruvchi bolib keladi:I am fond of reading. Men oqishni yaxshi koraman.When do you think of going there? Siz u yerga qachon bormoqchisiz?4 M. Gapporov
• 50 The exporters succeeded in charte ring a steamer of the re-quired size. Eksport qiluvchilar talab qilingan hajmdagi paroxod yollashga mu-vaffaq bolishdi. We insisted on being informed by cable of the arrival of the ship. Biz kemaning kelishi haqida tele-graf orqali xabardor qilishlarini ta-lab qildik. He felt satisfaction in helping them. U ularga yordam berganidan qa-noat hosil qildi. There is no harm in doing that. Bunday qilishning zarari yoq.Did you fi nd any diffi culty in sol-ving this problem? Bu masalani yechishda birorta qi-yinchilik sezdingizmi? There is no sense in going there today. Bugun u yerga borishdan mano yoq. VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND accuse of -da ayblamoqapprove of -ni qollab-quvvatlamoqbe better off yaxshisiconfess to boyniga olmoq, tan ol-moqconsist in -dan iborat bolmoqcount on -ga ishonmoqdepend on -iga tobe (bogl

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Future In The Past Simple (Conditional Simple)

Submitted by Nasim Sadikov on Tue, 12/29/2020 – 14:16
Future In The Past Simple
Language English

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Por-Royal grammatikasi. (“Umumiy ratsional grammatika”)

O`rta asrlardayoq (XVI-XVII) lisoniy hodisalarning to`g`riligi mantiqiy mezonlar asosida aniqlana boshlandi. Bu esa, o`z-o`zidan, tilning mantiqqa bo`ysindirilishiga va barcha tillar uchun umumiy qonunlar mavjudligini tan olishga majbur qilardi. Boshqacha aytganda, ushbu asrlarda lotin tilini o`rganish mantiqiy tafakkur qonun va qoidalarini bilish deb ham tushunildi. Til hodisalari mantiq asosida izohlandi. Mantiq grammatikadan ustun qo`yildi. Bu davrda barcha tillarning yagona, bitta mantiqiy asosi bo`lishi-bitta grammatika bo`lishi kerak, degan ta`limot yaratildi. Natijada mantiqiy grammatika yaratish g`oyasi maydonga keldi.

Mantiqiy grammatika yaratish ta`limotining eng muhim g`oyaviy asosi bo`lib, ma`rifat asrining (XVII-XVIII) etakchi falsafiy yo`nalishi bo`lgan ratsionalizm maydonga chiqdi. Ya`ni aql – idrok asosida ish ko`rish – ratsionalizm tilshunoslikka ham jiddiy ta`sir ko`rsatdi. Shunga ko`ra har qanday tillarning grammatik kategoriyalarini mantiqiy kategoriyalarning namoyon bo`lishi, yuzaga chiqishi sifatida tushunish kuchaydi. Natijada ratsionalizm ta`limotining talablari asosida umumiy (ratsional, falsafiy yoki mantiqiy) grammatika yaratish g`oyasi amalga oshirila boshlandi.

1660 yilda Parij atrofidagi Por-Royal monastirining rohib olimlari mantiqshunos Anton Arno va tilshunos Klod Lanslolar ilk bor «Umumiy ratsional grammatika» asarini Fransuz tilida yaratib, Parijda nashr qildilar.

Por-Royal grammatikasi qadimgi yunon, qadimgi yahudiy, lotin va Fransuz tillari materiallari asosida yaratildi. Ammo u qiyosiy yoki chog`ishtirma grammatika emas, balki mantiqiy-tipologik grammatika hisoblanadi. Ushbu grammatika o`z oldiga «barcha tillarga xos umumiy principlarni va ularda uchraydigan farqlarning sabablarini» aniqlash vazifasini qo`yadi.

Por-Royal grammatikasida birinchi bor grammatika bilan mantiq o`rtasidagi aloqa, bog`lanish nazariy jahatdan asoslab berildi. Agar til tafakkurni ifoda etsa, demak, til kategoriyalari tafakkur kategoriyalarining namoyon bo`lishidir. Shunga ko`ra tilni o`rganuvchi grammatika mantiqqa asoslanishi lozim. Grammatika ratsional, mantiqli bo`lishi kerak. Mantiq barcha uchun yagona, bitta ekan, binobarin, grammatika ham umumiy va universal bo`lishi lozim. Yagona grammatika alohida tilning grammatikasi bo`lishi mumkin emas, u faqat umumiy bo`lishi mumkin, degan g`oyalar, ko`rsatmalar ilgari surildi.

Por-Royal grammatikasi ikki qismdan-fonetika va grammatikadan iborat bo`lib, olti bobdan tashkil topgan brinchi qismda tovush va harf, urg`u va bo`g`inga ajratish kabilar haqida ma`lumotlar beriladi. Grammatikaning yigirma to`rt bobdan iborat ikkinchi qismining yigirma uch bobida esa morfologiya masalalari – ot, sifat, olmosh, fe`l, sifatdosh, ravish, bog`lovchi, undov – ularga xos xususiyatlar, kategoriyalar; faqat oxirigi yigirma to`rtinchi bobida esa sintaksis masalalari – so`z birikmasi va gap kabilar haqida fikr yuritiladi.

Mantiqiy grammatika yohud grammatikadagi mantiqiy yo`nalish so`zsiz fikr (ma`no), fikrsiz (ma`nosiz) so`z yo`qligi tushunchasidan kelib chiqib, grammatik va mantiqiy kategoriyalarni – so`z bilan tushunchani – ularni aynan bir narsa deb biladi.

Albatta, mantiqiy kategoriyalar bilan grammatik kategoriya-larning o`zaro muvofiq kelishi, teng bo`lishi mavjud hodisa. U shubha uyg`otmaydi. Ammo bu mantiqning barcha kategoriyalari tilda to`g`ridan – to`g`ri o`z aksini topishi shart degani emas (masalan, tushunchaning so`z ma`nosiga, hukm va xulosaning esa turli tipdagi gaplarga mos bo`lishi, muvofiq bo`lishi kabilar). Fransuz tilshunosi Sh.Balli to`g`ri aytganidek, «til orqali ifodalangan har bir fikr mantiqiy, psixologik va lisoniy jihatdan aniqlanadi», baholanadi. Ushbu fanlarning har biri gapni o`z nuqtai nazaridan o`rganadi. Bu – aksioma. Aristotel` to`g`ri qayd etganidek, «har bir nutq fikr ifodalaydi, ammo hamma nutq ham o`zida hukmni tashimaydi».

Til va tafakkur o`zaro bog`liq, ammo ularning har biri o`ziga xos xususiyatlarga, jihatlarga ega.

Har bir tilda mantiqiy tushunchalarni aks ettirmaydigan, ifodalamaydigan, ammo his – hayajon, xohish – istak – mayl ifodalovchi so`zlar bo`ladiki, bunday so`zlar mantiq tomonidan «tan olinmaydi».

Har qanday tilda bir tarkibli gaplar, gapning ikkinchi darajali bo`laklari, so`roq va undov gaplar mavjudki, bunday gaplar mantiqiy tushunchalarga zid keladi.

Mantiqiy grammatika grammatik kategoriyalarni mantiqiy kategoriyalar bilan teng holda olib, ularni aynan bir narsa sifatida qaraydi va lisoniy hodisalarni mantiq va mantiqiy kategoriya terminlari orqali tasvirlashni o`z vazifasi deb biladi.

Tafakkurning umumlisoniy shakl va qonuniyatlarini tekshiruvchi, o`rganuvchi mantiq fani inson ongining hissiy va irodaviy tomonlari bilan ham, lisoniy ifodalarning shakllari bilan ham qiziqmaydi, bu jihatlarga e`tibor bermaydi. Mantiqiy grammatikada til hodisalariga tarixiy yondashish ham mutlaqo mavjud emas.

Mantiqiy hukmda hamma vaqt ikkita bo`lak-sub`ekt va predikat mavjud bo`ladi. Lisoniy birlik bo`lgan gapda esa bitta (keldi), ikkita (bola uxladi), uchta va undan ortiq (2005 yil sihat va salomatlik yilidir) bo`lak bo`lishi mumkin.

Hukm umuminsoniy xarakterga ega, gap esa hamma vaqt milliy shaklda namoyon bo`ladi.

Xullas, mantiqiy (yoki falsafiy, ratsional) grammatika ayni bir mazmunning turli tillarda turli vositalar bilan ifodalanishini hisobga olmadi. Shuningdek, ushbu grammatika ifoda vositalarining qonun va kategoriyalari har xil bo`lishi mumkinligini tushunmadi. Mantiqiy grammatika tilga o`zgarmaydigan, bir xilda turuvchi hodisa sifatida qarab, ayni grammatika har doim mantiq qoidalariga bir xilda mos keladi, deb hisoblaydiki, bunda g`ayri tarixiylik mavjuddir.

Aytilgan kamchiliklarga qaramasdan Por-Royal` grammatikasi o`z davri uchun ijobiy ahamiyatga ega bo`ldi. Ya`ni asar shu tipdagi qator grammatikalarning yaratilishi uchun asos bo`ldi, xizmat qildi.

O`z davrida katta shuhratga ega bo`lgan falsafiy – mantiqiy grammatika o`zigacha yaratilgan grammatikalar kabi ilmiy grammatikagacha bo`lgan grammatika sifatida baholanadi.