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Ingliz tilida tovushlar qanday qilib to g ri o qiladi

Stresssiz heceler ingliz tilida deyarli har qanday unli bo’lishi mumkin, ammo amalda stressli va stresssiz hecalardagi unlilar fonemalarning turli xil zaxiralaridan foydalanishga moyil. Xususan, uzun unlilar urg’usiz bo’g’inlarga qaraganda urg’usiz hecalarda kamroq qo’llaniladi. Bundan tashqari, ma’lum tovushlar mavjud, ular bilan tavsiflanadi markaziy pozitsiya va zaiflik – bu ko’pincha stresssiz hecelerin yadrosi sifatida topiladi. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi:

Ingliz tili. 1-qism. Rustamov M.A. Darslik.

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O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI ICHKI ISHLAR VAZIRLIGI AKADEMIYA M. A. Rustamov INGLIZ TILI DARSLIK I TOSHKENT

  • Page 2 and 3: O’ZBEKISTON RESPUBLIKASI ICHKI IS
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  • Page 242 and 243: Past Perfect zamoni ish-harakatning
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  • Page 316 and 317: please [pli:z] fe’l 1.huzur bag
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  • Page 336 and 337: UNIT TEN If we go … . ………
  • Page 338: Muhibbek Alibekovich Rustamov, filo

Ingliz tilida tovushlar qanday qilib to’g’ri o’qiladi?

Unli tovushlar ikki xil – yakka tovushlar va diftonglar.

  • [ʌ] – [a] – qisqa;
  • [a:] – [a] – chuqur;
  • [i] – [va] – qisqa;
  • [i:] – [va] – uzun;
  • [o] – [o] – qisqa;
  • [o:] – [o] – chuqur;
  • [u] – [y] – qisqa;
  • [u:] – [y] – uzun;

ə tovushi qanday talaffuz qilinadi?

Agar so’zda urg’usiz unlilar bo’lsa, transkripsiyada ular [ ə ] belgisi bilan ko’rsatiladi. [ə] tovushi neytral deb ataladi, chunki u aniq rangga ega emas. Bu ruscha [a] va [e] tovushlari orasidagi xochga o’xshaydi.

æ tovushi qanday talaffuz qilinadi?

[æ] ni talaffuz qilishda siz og’iz burchaklarini yon tomonlarga bir oz tortib, tilni og’izga iloji boricha tekis qilib qo’yishingiz va jag’ni juda kuchli tushirishingiz kerak. . Yozuvda [æ] tovushi a harfi bilan uzatiladi, agar undan keyin bir yoki bir nechta undosh harflar boʻlsa, [æ] kabi oʻqiladi: map, plan, cat, sand, Ann.

Bolaga th tovushini qanday tushuntirish mumkin?

Bu tovush lisp / s / va / z / shaklida talaffuz qilinadi – til yoyilgan va tarang, uchi yuqori va pastki tishlar orasida bo’lib, yuqori tishlarning kesma qirrasi bilan tish yuzasi o’rtasida tor tekis bo’shliqni hosil qiladi. tilning oldingi qirrasi.

Ingliz harflarining tovushlari qanday?

3-dars – transkripsiya bilan ingliz alifbosi

Harf, (harf nomi) Ovozlar
Aa (hey) [ei] [a]
Bb (bi) [bi:] [b]
Cc (si) [si:] [s] i, e, y dan oldin
[k]

BU QIZIQ: Xuddi ingliz kvartirasida bo’lgani kabi

Ingliz tilida o tovushini qanday talaffuz qilasiz?

Yozuvda [əʊ] tovushi uzatiladi: o harfi bilan, agar undan keyin undosh harf + soqov e yoki boshqa unli tovush kelsa: not, gul, chose, that. harf birikmasi qayiq, palto, eman, yuk. so‘z oxiridagi ow harflarining birikmasi [əʊ] tovushini ham bildira oladi: qor, sariq.

Inglizcha so’zning transkripsiyasini qanday qilish kerak?

Bu shunday ishlaydi:

  1. Oynaga so’z yoki matn qo’shing (bittasi bor).
  2. Buyuk Britaniya yoki Amerika kabi transkripsiya parametrlarini tanlang, faqat transkripsiya yoki transkripsiyali matn va hk.
  3. Transkripsiyani ko’rsatish tugmasini bosing.
  4. Shuningdek, siz matn talaffuzini tinglashingiz mumkin (robot yaxshi o’qiydi).

A harfi ingliz tilida nechta tovushga ega?

Ingliz tilidagi so’zlarning boshida S va T harflari eng ko’p uchraydi.Alfavitdagi eng kam uchraydigan harflar Q va Z. Ingliz alifbosida atigi 5 ta, ingliz tilida esa 20 tagacha unli bor!

EƏ tovushi qanday talaffuz qilinadi?

[eə] tovushi diftong boʻlib, barcha diftonglar singari u ham bir tovush hisoblanadi va shunga mos ravishda birga talaffuz qilinadi. Bu [e] dan ko’ra ochiqroq tovush va u ruscha tovushga [e] o’xshaydi, ayniqsa “ekran” so’zida. . Diftong neytral tovush [ə] tomon siljish bilan tugaydi.

A tovushi qanday talaffuz qilinadi?

Yozuvda [a:] tovushi uzatiladi. a + r harflari birikmasi bilan: park, avtomobil, qorong‘u, lark, art, jar. a harfi f, nt, th dan oldin [a:] shaklida ham o‘qiladi: raft, after, father, bath, plant.

E tovushi qanday talaffuz qilinadi?

  1. Qisqa unli [e] talaffuzida tilning uchi pastki tishlarning tagida joylashgan. .
  2. Ingliz tilidagi [e] tovushi “bular, zanjirlar” so’zlaridagi rus tilidagi [e] tovushiga o’xshaydi.
  3. Ovozsiz undoshlardan oldin [e] juda qisqa talaffuz qilinadi va [n], [l], [m] undoshlaridan oldin u sezilarli darajada cho’ziladi.

Ingliz fonologiyasi – English phonology

Vikipediya maqolalari uchun ingliz tilining IPA transkripsiyalari bo’yicha yordam uchun qarang Yordam: IPA / Ingliz tili.

“English IPA” bu erga yo’naltiriladi. Spirtli ichimliklar turi uchun qarang Hindiston pale ale § Birlashgan Qirollik.

Shuningdek qarang: Ingliz tilining fonologik tarixi
Ingliz tili fonologiyasi

  • Umumiy nuqtai
  • Qadimgi ingliz tilida
  • Shotlandiyada

Boshqa ko’plab tillar singari, Ingliz tili ning keng o’zgarishi bor talaffuz, ikkalasi ham tarixiy jihatdan va dan shevaga shevaga. Umuman olganda, ammo ingliz tilining mintaqaviy lahjalari asosan o’xshash (lekin bir xil emas) fonologik tizim. Boshqa narsalar qatori, aksariyat lahjalarda ham mavjud unlilarni kamaytirish yilda stresssiz heceler va murakkab to’plam fonologik xususiyatlar bu farq qiladi fortis va lenis undoshlar (to’xtaydi, affrikatlar va fricatives ).

Ingliz tilini fonologik tahlil qilish ko’pincha bir yoki bir nechtasini mos yozuvlar nuqtasi sifatida jamlaydi yoki ishlatadi obro’-e’tibor yoki standart kabi aksanlar Talaffuz qilindi uchun Angliya, Umumiy Amerika uchun Qo’shma Shtatlar va Umumiy avstraliyalik uchun Avstraliya. Shunga qaramay, ushbu standartlashtirilgan urg’ulardan, xususan mintaqaviy lahjalardan mustaqil ravishda rivojlangan ingliz tilidagi ko’plab boshqa shevalarda so’zlashadi. Ushbu standartlashtirilgan aksanlar haqida ma’lumot faqat a funktsiyasini bajaradi cheklangan barchasiga ko’rsatma Ingliz fonologiyasiSo’ngra ingliz tilida so’zlashadigan boshqa ko’plab shevalar bilan tanishib chiqqandan so’ng, qaysi biri kengaytirilishi mumkin.

Mundarija

  • 1 Fonemalar
    • 1.1 Undoshlar
      • 1.1.1 Uyg’un misollar
      • 1.1.2 Sonorantlar
      • 1.1.3 Obstruents
      • 1.2.1 Unli allofonlar
      • 1.2.2 Stresssiz heceler
      • 3.1 Bo’g’im tuzilishi
        • 3.1.1 Boshlanishi
        • 3.1.2 Yadro
        • 3.1.3 Koda
        • 4.1 Prosodik stress
        • 4.2 Ritm
        • 4.3 Intonatsiya
        • 8.1 Iqtiboslar
        • 8.2 Manbalar

        Fonemalar

        A fonema til yoki lahjaning o’zi mavhumlik a nutq tovushi yoki o’sha til yoki lahjada so’zlashuvchilar tomonidan bir xil funktsiyaga ega deb hisoblanadigan turli xil tovushlar guruhi. Masalan, inglizcha so’z orqali uchta fonemadan iborat: boshlang’ich “th” tovushi, “r” tovushi va unli tovush. Ushbu va boshqa ko’plab ingliz so’zlaridagi fonemalar har doim ham ularni yozish uchun ishlatiladigan harflarga (ingliz tiliga) to’g’ri kelavermaydi imlo unchalik kuchli emas fonematik boshqa ko’plab tillarda bo’lgani kabi).

        Ingliz tilidagi fonemalarning soni va tarqalishi har xil shevada farqlanadi, shuningdek, individual tadqiqotchining talqiniga bog’liq. Unli fonemalar soni odatda 24 ga (yoki biroz ko’proq) qo’yiladi. Unlilar soni katta o’zgarishga bog’liq; ushbu sahifada taqdim etilgan tizimda 20-25 ta unli fonema mavjud Talaffuz qilindi, 14-16 dyuym Umumiy Amerika Avstraliya ingliz tilida esa 19-20. Lug’atlarda ishlatiladigan talaffuz tugmachalari, odatda, xorijiy so’zlarda ishlatiladigan ba’zi tovushlarni va fonemik bo’lmasligi mumkin bo’lgan aniq farqlarni hisobga olish uchun bir oz ko’proq sonli belgilarni o’z ichiga oladi.

        Undoshlar

        Quyidagi jadvalda ingliz tilining aksar lahjalarida uchraydigan 24 undosh fonema ko’rsatilgan / x / , taqsimoti cheklangan. Fortis undoshlar har doim ovozsiz, intilgan yilda hece boshlanishi (bilan boshlangan klasterlar bundan mustasno / s / ) va ba’zan ham glotalizatsiya qilingan bir darajada bo’g’in koda (ehtimol bilan sodir bo’lishi mumkin / t / , qarang T-glotalizatsiya ), lenis undoshlari esa doimo bo’ladi so’rilmagan va umuman glotalizatsiya qilinmagan va umuman qisman yoki to’liq ovozli. Alveolalar odatda apikal, ya’ni tilning uchi og’zining tomiga tegishi yoki unga yaqinlashishi bilan talaffuz qilinadi, ammo ba’zi karnaylar ularni ishlab chiqaradi laminal ravishda, ya’ni tilning pichog’i bilan. [1]

        Labial Tish Alveolyar Post-
        alveolyar        		 Palatal Velar Yaltiroq
        Burun m [a] n [a] ŋ
        Yomon /
        affricate        		 fortis p t tʃ k
        lenis b d dʒ ɡ
        Fricative fortis f θ [b] s ʃ x [c] h
        lenis v ð [b] z ʒ
        Taxminan l [a] r [d] j [e] w [f]
        1. ^ abv Ingliz tilining aksariyat turlari mavjud hecalı undoshlar ba’zi so’zlar bilan, asosan [l̩, m̩, n̩] , masalan oxirida shisha, ritm va tugmasi. Bunday hollarda oxirgi ikki undosh orasida fonetik unli aytilmaydi va oxirgi undosh a hosil qiladi hece o’z-o’zidan. Bo’g’in undoshlari, odatda, undosh harf ostida vertikal chiziq bilan yoziladi, shuning uchun fonetik transkripsiyasi shisha bo’lardi [ˈBɒtl̩] , [ˈBɑɾl̩] , yoki [ˈBɔɾl̩] yilda RP , GA , va mos ravishda avstraliyalik, va uchun tugmasi [ˈBʌʔn̩] . Nazariy jihatdan bunday undoshlarni individual fonema sifatida tahlil qilish mumkin edi. Biroq, bu ingliz tilidagi inventarizatsiyaga bir nechta qo’shimcha undosh fonemalarni qo’shadi, [2] va fonologlar heceli nazallarni aniqlashni afzal ko’rishadi va suyuqliklar fonetik jihatdan / əC / . [3][4] Shunday qilib tugmasi fonematik jihatdan / Ʌbʌten / yoki / Ɐbɐten / va shisha fonematik jihatdan / ˈBɒtal / , / ˈBɑtal / , yoki / ˈBɔtəl / .
        2. ^ ab / θ, ð / ta’sirlangan aksanlarning to’xtashi sifatida amalga oshiriladi th– to’xtatish, kabi Hiberno-ingliz va Nyu-York aksenti. Ular birlashtirildi / f, v / ta’sirlangan aksanlarda th-qabul qilish, masalan, ba’zi navlari Kokni va Afroamerikalik amerikaliklar. Qarang ⟨Th⟩ ingliz tilining talaffuzi.
        3. ^ The ovozsiz velar frikativi / x / asosan ishlatiladi Giberno-, Shotlandiya, Janubiy Afrika va Uels ingliz tili; bilan so’zlar / x / Shotlandiyada aksanlar bilan talaffuz qilishga moyil / k / boshqa shevalarda. Ba’zan velar friktivi yaqinda paydo bo’ladi qarz so’zlari kabi chutzpa. Ta’siri ostida Uelscha va Afrikaanslar, ning fonetik realizatsiyasi / x / uels tilida ingliz va oq janubiy afrikada ingliz tillari uvular [χ ] , velar o’rniga [x ] . [5][6][7] Lahjalar qaysi so’zlar bilan aniq bir xil emas / x / paydo bo’ladi; masalan, uels tilidagi ingliz tilida u uels tilidan qarz so’zlarida uchraydi (masalan Amlwch / Ʊmlʊx / ), aksincha Oq Janubiy Afrikadagi ingliz tilida u faqat Afrikaans yoki dan olingan so’zlarda uchraydi Xosa (kabi gogga / ˈXɒxə / “hasharotlar”). [5][7]
        4. ^ Ushbu fonema an’anaviy ravishda asosiy lotin harfi bilan ko’chiriladi (ri uchun IPA belgisi) alveolyar trill ), garchi uning talaffuzi odatda a pochta-veolyariy yaqin [ɹ̠] . Tril mavjud, ammo kamdan-kam uchraydi, faqat ba’zilarida uchraydi Shotlandiya, Uelscha, [8]Janubiy Afrika[9] va Hind[10] lahjalar. Qarang Ingliz tilining talaffuzi / r /.
        5. ^ Boshidagi tovush ulkan aksariyat ingliz aksanlarida [11] a ovozsiz palatal frikativ [ç] , ammo bu fonematik tarzda undoshlar klasteri sifatida tahlil qilinadi / hj / Shuning uchun; . uchun; . natijasida ulkan ko’chirildi / hjuːdʒ / . Xuddi shunday / soat / , bu ma’ruzachilar talaffuz qilishini anglatmaydi [h] dan so’ng [j] ; fonemik transkripsiya / hj / shunchaki bitta tovushni ifodalashning qulay usuli [ç] . [12] The yod tushirish topilgan Norfolk lahjasi ning an’anaviy Norfolk talaffuzini anglatadi ulkan bu [hʊudʒ] va emas [çuːdʒ] .
        6. ^ Shotlandiya, Irlandiya, Qo’shma Shtatlarning janubi va Yangi Angliyadagi ba’zi konservativ aksanlarda ⟨wh dig drafigi quyidagi kabi so’zlar bilan qaysi va xirillash ovozsizni ifodalaydi w tovush [ʍ] , a ovozsiz labiovelar frikativ[13][14][15] yoki taxminiy, [16] bu ovozli bilan farq qiladi w ning jodugar va vino. Ko’p lahjalarda bu tovush yo’qoladi va ovozli sifatida talaffuz qilinadi w (the vino–xirillash birlashish ). Fonematik jihatdan bu tovush undoshlar klasteri sifatida tahlil qilinishi mumkin / soat / , alohida fonema sifatida emas * / ʍ / , shuning uchun qaysi va xirillash sifatida fonematik tarzda yoziladi / hwɪtʃ / va / hwaɪn / . Bu bunday ma’ruzachilar aslida talaffuz qilishlarini anglatmaydi [h] dan so’ng [w] : bu fonemik transkripsiya / soat / shunchaki bitta tovushni ifodalashning qulay usuli [ʍ] qachonki bunday dialektlar qo’shimcha fonemaga ega deb tahlil qilinmasa. [12]

        Uyg’un misollar

        Quyidagi jadvalda yuqoridagi undosh fonemalarning so’zlarda paydo bo’lishiga xos namunalar keltirilgan.

        Fortis Lenis
        /p / pu /b / bu
        /t / tyilda /d / dyilda
        /k / vut /ɡ / gut
        /tʃ / cheap /dʒ / jeep
        /f / fda /v / vda
        /θ / thbaland /ð / thy
        /s / sap /z / zap
        /ʃ / mensher /ʒ / measalbatta
        /x / manach
        /h / ham
        /m / map
        /n / salomn
        /ŋ / salomng
        /j / yes
        /w / we
        /r / run
        /l / left

        Sonorantlar

        • Ning talaffuzi / l / shevasiga qarab farq qiladi:
          • Qabul qilingan talaffuz ikkita asosiy allofonga ega / l / : ravshan yoki tekis [l] , va qorong’i yoki velarizatsiya qilingan [ɫ] . Aniq variant unli tovushlardan oldin bir hilda bo’lganda, qorong’u variant esa / l / undoshdan oldin keladi yoki sukunatdan oldin hece-yakuniy holatidadir.
          • Janubiy Uels, Irlandiya va Karib dengizida, / l / ko’pincha har doim aniq bo’lib turadi va Shimoliy Uels, Shotlandiya, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiyada har doim bo’ladi [bahsli – muhokama qilish ] qorong’i.
          • Umumiy Amerika va Kanadada, / l / odatda qorong’i, ammo har xil darajada: ta’kidlangan unlilar oldidan u neytral yoki faqat biroz velarizatsiya qilingan. [17] AQShning janubiy aksanlarida unlilar orasida va boshqa ba’zi holatlarda sezilarli darajada aniq. [18]
          • Janubiy Angliya, shuningdek, Yangi Zelandiya va Qo’shma Shtatlarning ayrim qismlarida, / l / taxminiy yoki shaklida talaffuz qilinishi mumkin yarim tovush ( [w], [o], [ʊ] ) bo’g’inning oxirida (l-vokalizatsiya ).
          • pochta-veolyariy yaqin [ɹ̠] (ning eng keng tarqalgan amalga oshirilishi / r / aksariyat dialektlarda uchraydigan fonema, RP va General American shu jumladan)
          • retrofleks taxminiy [ɻ] (aksariyat irland lahjalarida va ba’zi Amerika lahjalarida uchraydi)
          • labiodental taxminiy [ʋ] (Angliyaning janubi-sharqida va ba’zi London aksanlarida uchraydi; sifatida tanilgan r-labializatsiya )
          • alveolyar qopqoq [ɾ] (Shotlandiya, Uels, [19]Hind[10] va ba’zi Janubiy Afrika lahjalari, Angliya va Irlandiyadagi ba’zi konservativ lahjalar; bilan aralashmaslik kerak chayqalish ning / t / va / d / )
          • alveolyar trill [r] (ba’zi juda konservativ Shotlandiya shevalarida va ba’zilarida uchraydi Hind, Janubiy Afrika va uelscha aksanlar) [10][9][8]
          • tovushli fruktiv [ʁ] (Shimoliy Numbumbriyada uchraydi, deyarli yo’q bo’lib ketgan; sifatida tanilgan Northumbrian burr )

          Obstruents

          Ko’p lahjalarda fortis to’xtaydi va affrikatsiya qiladi / p, t, tʃ, k / turli xil allofonlarga ega va lenis to’xtash joylaridan va affrikatsiyadan ajralib turadi / b, d, dʒ, ɡ / bir necha fonetik xususiyatlari bilan. [21]

          • Fortlarning allofonlari / p, t, tʃ, k / quyidagilarni o’z ichiga oladi:
            • intilgan [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] ular a boshlanishida sodir bo’lganda ta’kidladi kabi, hece potato. Quyidagi suyuqlikni o’z ichiga olgan klasterlarda aspiratsiya odatda ushbu suyuqlikning ajralishi sifatida namoyon bo’ladi. Ushbu tovushlar asspiratsiyalanmagan [p, t, k] keyin / s / ichida bo’lgani kabi bir xil hece ichida stan, span, svanva hecelerin oxirida, xuddi bo’lgani kabi mat, xarita, Mac. [22] Ovozsiz fritivlar doimo ilhomlanmaydi, ammo bu erda istisno qilinadigan istisno, Uelsning ingliz tilida so’zlashadigan joylari bo’lib, u erda ular tez-tez intilishadi. [23]
            • Ingliz tilining ko’plab aksanlarida fortis to’xtaydi / p, t, k, tʃ / bor glotalizatsiya qilingan ba’zi lavozimlarda. Bu og’iz orqali yopilishidan oldin “to’xtab turish” yoki “qorishtiruvchi armatura” yoki “to’xtab turish” o’rnini bosuvchi vosita sifatida eshitilishi mumkin. [ʔ] og’iz orqali to’xtatish uchun (glottalni almashtirish). / tʃ / faqat oldindan glotallashtirilishi mumkin. Pre-glottalizatsiya odatda ingliz va amerika ingliz tillarida fortis undosh fonemasidan keyin boshqa undosh kelganda yoki undosh so’nggi holatga kelganda yuz beradi. Shunday qilib futbol va ushlash tez-tez talaffuz qilinadi [ˈFʊʔtbɔːl] va [ˈKæʔtʃɪŋ] navbati bilan. Glotalni almashtirish ko’pincha yangi berilgan holatlarda sodir bo’ladi, shuning uchun futbol tez-tez talaffuz qilinadi [ˈFʊʔbɔːl] . Bundan tashqari, qachon ingliz ingliz tilida glottal almashtirish tobora keng tarqalgan / t / oldingi unli ta’kidlangan bo’lsa, unlilar orasida paydo bo’ladi; shunday qilib yaxshiroq ko’pincha yosh ma’ruzachilar tomonidan shunday talaffuz qilinadi [ˈBeʔə] . [24] Bunday t-glotallashtirish shuningdek, Britaniyaning ko’plab mintaqaviy aksanlarida, shu jumladan Kokni, bu erda so’zlarning oxirida ham bo’lishi mumkin va qaerda / p / va / k / ba’zida xuddi shunday munosabatda bo’lishadi. [25]
            • Mayli eshitiladigan nashr yo’q [p̚, b̚, t̚, d̚, k̚, ɡ̚] so’zning yakuniy holatida. [26][27] Ushbu allofonlar Shimoliy Amerikada Buyuk Britaniyaga qaraganda tez-tez uchraydi. [26]
            • Doimo boshqa plosiv yoki affrikat oldida “niqobli bo’shatish” qiling (xuddi shunday) rubbtahrir [ˈRʌˑb̚d̥] ), ya’ni birinchi bekatni chiqarish ikkinchi to’xtash yopilgandan so’ng amalga oshiriladi. Bu quyidagi to’xtash holatida ham amal qiladi gomorganik kabi (xuddi shu joyda ifodalangan) gap pqatlam. [28] Buning muhim istisnosi Uels ingliz tili, odatda bu muhitda to’xtash joylari bo’shatiladi. [23]
            • Afrikalar / tʃ, dʒ / barcha muhitda majburiy fricative relizga ega. [29]
            • Kabi ta’kidlangan hecelerdeki Yod-birlashishi, masalan sozlash va qumtepa, ichida bo’ladi Avstraliyalik, Kokni, Estuary English, Hiberno-ingliz (ba’zi ma’ruzachilar), Nyufaundlend ingliz tili, Janubiy Afrika inglizlari va ma’lum darajada Yangi Zelandiya ingliz tili va Shotlandiya inglizchasi (ko’plab ma’ruzachilar). Bu qo’shimcha gomofoniyaga olib kelishi mumkin; masalan; misol uchun, shudring va tufayli bilan bir xil talaffuz qilinadi Yahudiy. [33]
            • Kabi ba’zi navlarda Avstraliya ingliz tili, Janubiy Afrika inglizlari va Yangi Zelandiya ingliz tillari – / sj / va / zj / ta’kidlangan hecalarda birlashishi mumkin [ʃ] va [ʒ] navbati bilan. Masalan, avstraliyalik ingliz tilida, taxmin qilmoq talaffuz qilinadi [əˈʃʉMm] ba’zi ma’ruzachilar tomonidan. [34] Bundan tashqari, ba’zi inglizlar, kanadaliklar, amerikaliklar, yangi zelandiyaliklar va avstraliyaliklar so’zlashuvlarni o’zgartirishi mumkin / s / tovush / ʃ / oldin / tr / , [35] ⟨str⟩ klasteriga ega bo’lgan so’z shunga o’xshash strqashshoq talaffuz qilinadi [ːtruːn] . [36]

            Unlilar

            Ushbu unlilarning talaffuzini ingliz shevalarida kengroq doirada ko’rsatadigan jadval uchun qarang Ingliz lahjalari uchun IPA diagrammasi. Quyidagi jadvallarda ingliz tilining uchta standart navlarining unli fonemalari ko’rsatilgan. Bu erda qabul qilingan talaffuz (RP) uchun ishlatiladigan yozuv tizimi juda standart; boshqalar kamroq. Bu erda berilgan xususiyat tavsiflari (old, yaqin va boshqalar) biroz mavhumlangan; bu unlilarning haqiqiy talaffuzlari biroz aniqroq etkazilgan IPA ishlatiladigan belgilar (qarang. qarang Ovoz ushbu belgilarning ma’nosini ko’rsatadigan jadval uchun; ammo quyidagi jadvallarda keltirilgan fikrlarga ham e’tibor bering).

            Talaffuz qilindi [41] [42]

            Old Markaziy Orqaga
            qisqa uzoq qisqa uzoq qisqa uzoq
            Yoping ɪ iː ʊ uː [a] ɔː [a]
            O’rta e ea ə ɜː ɒ [a]
            Ochiq æ ʌ [a] [b] ɑː
            Diftonlar eɪ aɪ ɔɪ aʊ əʊ ɪə ʊə
            Triftonlar ( eɪə aɪə ɔɪa aʊə əʊa )
            Umumiy Amerika

            Old Markaziy Orqaga
            bo’shashgan vaqt bo’shashgan vaqt bo’shashgan vaqt
            Yoping ɪ men ʊ siz
            O’rta ɛ eɪ [c] ə ( ɜ ) [d] oʊ [c]
            Ochiq æ ʌ [b] [d] ɑ ( ɔ ) [e]
            Diftonlar aɪ ɔɪ aʊ
            Umumiy avstraliyalik

            Old Markaziy Orqaga
            qisqa uzoq qisqa uzoq qisqa uzoq
            Yoping ɪ iː ʉː [a] ʊ oː [a]
            O’rta e eː ə ɜː ɔ [a]
            Ochiq æ æː ɐ [a] ɐː
            Diftonlar æɪ ɑɪ oɪ æɔ əʉ ɪa (ʊa)
            1. ^ abvdefgh Zamonaviy RP unlilar / uː / , / ɔː / , / ɒ / va / ʌ / mos keladigan Avstraliya fonemalariga juda o’xshash / ʉː / , / oː / , / ɔ / va / ɐ / . Ularning orasidagi farq asosan transkripsiyada yotadi (ularning RPda yozilishi ko’proq konservativ).
            2. ^ ab Garchi yozuv / ʌ / unlisi uchun ishlatiladi
            3. STRUT RP va General American-da haqiqiy talaffuz a ga yaqinroq yaqin ochiladigan markaziy o’rab olinmagan unli [ɐ] . ⟨Belgisi ʌ ⟩ Urf-odatlar sababli (tarixiy jihatdan orqa unli bo’lgan) va u hali ham boshqa navlarda bo’lgani uchun foydalanishda davom etmoqda. [43]
            4. ^ ab Garchi yozuv / eɪ oʊ / unlilari uchun ishlatiladi
            5. Yuz va
            6. ECHKI mos ravishda General American-da ular fonematik monofontlar sifatida tahlil qilinadi va tez-tez transkripsiyalanadi / e o / adabiyotda.
            7. ^ ab General Amerika o’rtasida qarshilik yo’q / yr / va / er / ; shuning uchun unlilar yanada / Ɜfɜrder / odatda bir xil segmental sifat bilan amalga oshiriladi [ˈFɚðɚ] . [44] Bu ham qiladi gomofonik sozlar oldinga / ˈFɔrwərd / va Muqaddima / ˈFɔrwɜrd / kabi [ˈFɔɹwɚd] . [44] Shuning uchun, / ɜ / bu umumiy fonemada haqiqiy fonema emas, balki shunchaki boshqacha yozuvidir / ə / ushbu fonema oldin kelganida saqlanadi / r / va ta’kidlangan – boshqa aksanlar bilan taqqoslashni osonlashtirish uchun adabiyotda qabul qilingan konventsiya. [45] Tarixiy jihatdan nima / yr / , kabi shoshiling, shuningdek, talaffuz qilinadi [ɚ] (qarang shoshqaloq – tukli birlashish ), shuning uchun / ʌ / , / ɜ / va / ə / hammasi zararsizlantirildi oldin / r / . [45]
            8. ^ Ko’pgina Shimoliy Amerika ma’ruzachilari farq qilmaydi / ɔ / dan / ɑ / va ularni birlashtiring / ɑ / , oldin bundan mustasno / r / (qarang yotoq ushlangan birlashish ).

            Ushbu jadvallar orasidagi farqlarni quyidagicha izohlash mumkin:

            • General Amerikada RPga mos keladigan fonema yo’q / ɒ / (
            • KO’P ,
            • KIYIM ) o’rniga ishlatish / ɑ / ichida
            • KO’P so’zlar va umuman / ɔ / ichida
            • KIYIM so’zlar. Shimoliy Amerikaning bir nechta aksanlarida, ya’ni Sharqiy Yangi Angliya (Boston ), G’arbiy Pensilvaniya (Pitsburg ) va ma’lum darajada Tinch okeanining shimoli-g’arbiy qismi (Sietl, Portlend ) va Sharqiy Kanadalik inglizcha,
            • KO’P so’zlarda unli tovush yo’q
            • KAFT (the ota–bezovta qil birlashish sodir bo’lmadi), aksincha bilan birlashing
            • KIYIM / Fikr . [46][47][48][49]
            • RP transkripsiyalarida ⟨ishlatiladi e ⟩ dan ko’ra ⟨ ɛ Historical asosan qulaylik va tarixiy an’ana uchun; u umumiy amerikalik fonemadan farqli bir tovushni anglatmaydi, garchi RP unlisi amerikalikiga qaraganda biroz kamroq ochilgan deb ta’riflanishi mumkin. [50]
            • Unli uchun ishlatiladigan turli xil yozuvlar
            • ECHKI RP va General American-da ( / əʊ / va / oʊ / ) ushbu tovushning eng keng tarqalgan fonetik tushunchalaridagi farqni aks ettiradi.
            • RP jadvalida berilgan triftonlar odatda ikkita fonemaning ketma-ketligi (diftong plyus) sifatida qaraladi / ə / ); ammo, RPda ushbu ketma-ketliklar tez-tez uchraydi tekislash bitta diftonglarga yoki hatto monofontlarga.
            • Bu erda ba’zi bir avstraliyalik unlilar uchun ishlatiladigan turli xil yozuvlar avstraliyadagi ushbu unlilarning fonetik amalga oshirilishini aks ettiradi: markaziy [ʉː] dan ko’ra [uː] yilda
            • G’OZ , yanada yopiq [e] dan ko’ra [ɛ] yilda
            • KIYIM , yaqin o’rtada [oː] an’anaviy RP-lardan ko’ra [ɔː] yilda
            • O’YLANGAN , ochiq o’rtada [ɔ] an’anaviy RP-lardan ko’ra [ɒ] yilda
            • KO’P , ochuvchi [ɐ] bir oz yaqinroq emas [ʌ] yilda
            • STRUT , old tomondan [ɐː] dan ko’ra [ɑː] yilda
            • SOKIN va
            • BOSHLASH va diftonglarning ko’pchiligining biroz farqli talaffuzlari. E’tibor bering, markaziy [ʉː] yilda
            • G’OZ , yaqin o’rtada [oː] yilda
            • O’YLANGAN , o’rtada ochiq [ɔ] yilda
            • KO’P va yaqinda ochiq [ɐ] yilda
            • STRUT zamonaviy RP-da standart realizatsiya va bu unlilarda zamonaviy RP va Avstraliya ingliz tillari o’rtasidagi farq talaffuzda emas, balki faqat transkripsiyada yotadi. [51][41][52]
            • Ikkalasi ham avstraliyalik / eː / va RP / ea / uzun monofontlar, ular orasidagi farq til balandligida: avstraliyalik / eː / o’rtada [eː ] mos keladigan RP unlisi esa o’rtada [ɛː ] . [53][52]
            • Avstraliyada bor yomon–yigit Split, ning turli xil so’zlarida o’ziga xos qisqa va uzun variantlari bilan
            • TRAP to’plam: uzun fonema / æː / kabi so’zlar bilan yomon qisqa bilan farq qiladi / æ / kabi so’zlar bilan yigit. (Xuddi shunday bo’linish Angliyaning janubidagi ba’zi ma’ruzachilarning aktsentlarida uchraydi.)
            • Unli / ʊə / ko’pincha avstraliyaliklarning tavsiflaridan chiqarib tashlanadi, chunki ko’pchilik ma’ruzachilar uchun u uzoq monofontga bo’lingan / oː / (masalan, kambag’al, aniq) yoki ketma-ketligi / ʉːə / (masalan, davolash, jozibasi). [54]

            Ta’kidlash kerak bo’lgan boshqa fikrlar:

            • Unli / æ / yanada ochiq (yaqinlashmoqda) talaffuz qilinmoqda [a] ) ko’plab zamonaviy RP karnaylari tomonidan. Ammo Amerika nutqida uning yanada yopiq, kuchliroq va hattoki diffongiyaga aylanish tendentsiyasi mavjud (shunga o’xshash narsaga) [ea] ), ayniqsa ba’zi bir muhitlarda, masalan, a burun undoshi. [55] Ba’zi amerikalik aksanlar, masalan Nyu-York shahri, Filadelfiya va Baltimor, o’rtasida marginal fonemik farqni ko’rsating / æ / va / ea / , garchi ikkalasi asosan o’zaro eksklyuziv muhitda uchraydi. Qarang / æ / ko’tarish.
            • So’zlarning katta qismi (
            • VANNA guruh) bor / æ / umumiy Amerikada, ammo / ɑː / RPda. Talaffuz orasida o’zgarib turadi / æ / va / ɐː / Avstraliyada, ma’ruzachilar bilan Janubiy Avstraliya foydalanish / ɐː / boshqa mintaqalardan kelgan ma’ruzachilarga qaraganda kengroq.
            • Umuman Amerika va Kanadada (ular mavjud rhotic urg’ulari, qayerda / r / unlidan oldin kelmaydigan holatlarda talaffuz qilinadi), unlilarning ko’pi bo’lishi mumkin r rangli quyidagilarni amalga oshirish yo’li bilan / r / . Bu ko’pincha fonetik usulda retrofleksiya qo’shilgan unli belgi yordamida yoziladi diakritik [ ˞ ] ; shunday qilib belgi [ɚ] r-rang uchun yaratilgan schwa kabi (ba’zan shvar deb ham ataladi)
            • LETTER va unlisi
            • BOSHLASH qilish uchun o’zgartirilishi mumkin [ɑ˞] shunday qilib so’z boshlang ko’chirilishi mumkin [stɑ˞t] . Shu bilan bir qatorda
            • BOSHLASH unli yozilishi mumkin [stɑɚt] r-rangli offglide-ni ko’rsatish uchun. Unlisi
            • Hamshira odatda ushbu lahjalarda har doim r rangda bo’ladi va bu yozilishi mumkin [ɚ] (yoki hece tarzida) [ɹ̩] ).
            • Zamonaviy RP va boshqa shevalarda, dan ko’p so’zlar
            • DAVOLASH guruhi bilan so’zlovchilar soni tobora ko’payib bormoqda
            • SHIMOLIY unli (shunday qilib) aniq kabi talaffuz qilinadi qirg’oq). Shuningdek, RP unlisi / ea / monofontifikatsiya qilinishi mumkin [ɛː] . [56]
            • Unlilar
            • QO’YING va
            • G’OZ odatda yaqinlashib kelayotgan tor diftonglar sifatida talaffuz qilinadi [ɪi] va [yu] , RPda. RP-ga yaqin ma’ruzachilar, ayniqsa, turdagi diftongizatsiyaga ega bo’lishi mumkin [əi] va [əu ~ əʉ] navbati bilan. Umumiy Amerikada talaffuz monofont va diftong o’rtasida farq qiladi. [40]

            Unli allofonlar

            Bu erda ba’zi muhim holatlar keltirilgan allofoniya standart ingliz lahjalarida uchraydigan unlilar.

            • Ovozsizlar tomonidan hece qo’shilganda unlilar qisqartiriladi (fortis ) undosh. [57] Bu sifatida tanilgan pre-fortis qirqish. Shunday qilib, quyidagi so’z juftlarida birinchi element qisqartirilgan, ikkinchisi esa normal uzunlikdagi unliga ega: ‘o’ng’ / raɪt / – “haydash” / raɪd / ; “yuz” / feɪs / – “faza” / feɪz / ; “maslahat” / advaɪs / – “maslahat” / advaɪz / .
            • Ingliz tilining ko’plab aksanlarida vaqt unli tovushlar buzish oldin / l / , natijada kabi talaffuzlarga olib keladi [pʰiəɫ] uchun tozalash, [pʰuəɫ] uchun basseyn, [pʰeɫ] uchun paqirva [pʰoəɫ] uchun qutb. [iqtibos kerak ]
            • RPda unli / əʊ / kabi orqaga talaffuz qilinishi mumkin [ɒʊ] , hece-final oldidan / l / , kabi maqsad. Avstraliya ingliz tilida unli / əʉ / shunga o’xshash tarzda qo’llab-quvvatlanadi [ɔʊ] oldin / l / . Shunga o’xshash hodisa sodir bo’lishi mumkin Janubiy Amerika ingliz tili. [iqtibos kerak ]
            • Unli / ə / tez-tez talaffuz qilinadi [ɐ] ochiq hecelerde. [58]
            • The
            • NARX va
            • Og’iz diftonglar a dan keyin kamroq ochilgan boshlang’ich nuqtasi bilan talaffuz qilinishi mumkin ovozsiz undosh; [59] bu asosan Kanada nutqining o’ziga xos xususiyati (Kanada tarbiyasi ), ammo Qo’shma Shtatlarning ayrim qismlarida ham mavjud. [60] Shunday qilib yozuvchi dan ajralib turishi mumkin chavandoz hatto qachon ham chayqalish sabablarini keltirib chiqaradi / t / va / d / bir xil talaffuz qilinishi.

            Stresssiz heceler

            Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Ingliz tilidagi stress va unlilarni kamaytirish

            Stresssiz heceler ingliz tilida deyarli har qanday unli bo’lishi mumkin, ammo amalda stressli va stresssiz hecalardagi unlilar fonemalarning turli xil zaxiralaridan foydalanishga moyil. Xususan, uzun unlilar urg’usiz bo’g’inlarga qaraganda urg’usiz hecalarda kamroq qo’llaniladi. Bundan tashqari, ma’lum tovushlar mavjud, ular bilan tavsiflanadi markaziy pozitsiya va zaiflik – bu ko’pincha stresssiz hecelerin yadrosi sifatida topiladi. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi:

            • schwa, [ə] , kabi
            • KOMMA va (noaniq lahjalarda)
            • LETTER (
            • KOMMA –
            • XAT birlashish ); kabi ko’plab boshqa lavozimlarda ajang, fotografik, paddockva hokazo. Ushbu tovush asosan faqat stresssiz hecalar bilan cheklangan. Bu erda keltirilgan yondashuvda u fonema sifatida aniqlanadi / ə / , garchi boshqa tahlillarda schva uchun alohida fonema mavjud emas va uni stressning eng past darajasi bo’lgan hecelerdeki boshqa unlilarning kamayishi yoki zararsizlantirilishi deb hisoblaydi.
            • r rangli shva, [ɚ] , kabi
            • LETTER umumiy Amerika va ba’zi boshqa rhotik lahjalarda, ularni asosiy ketma-ketlikda aniqlash mumkin / er / .
            • hecalı undoshlar: [l̩] kabi bottle, [n̩] kabi dumbakuni, [m̩] kabi ritmlarm. Ular fonematik tarzda oddiy undosh sifatida yoki schva, keyin esa undosh sifatida qo’shilishi mumkin; masalan tugmasi sifatida ifodalanishi mumkin / ˈBʌtn̩ / yoki / Ʌbʌten / (yuqoriga qarang Undoshlar ).
            • [ɨ̞] , kabi roses va makmenng. Buni fonema bilan aniqlash mumkin / ɪ / garchi stresssiz hecalarda u ko’proq markaziy talaffuz qilinishi mumkin va ba’zi ma’ruzachilar uchun (xususan, Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiyada va ba’zi amerikalik ingliz tillarida) u birlashtirilgan / ə / ushbu hecelerde (zaif unlilarning birlashishi ). Farqni saqlab qolgan ma’ruzachilar orasida ko’p holatlar mavjud erkin o’zgarish o’rtasida / ɪ / va / ə / ning ikkinchi bo’g’inida bo’lgani kabi topilgan typmenkal. (The OED yaqinda bunday holatlarni ko’rsatish uchun ⟨ᵻ⟩ belgisini qabul qildi.)
            • [ʉ̞] , kabi argsizment, tokun, shunga o’xshash mulohazalar holatlardagidek qo’llaniladi [ɨ̞] . (Ba’zan The belgisi, bu holatlarda xuddi to ga o’xshash tarzda ishlatiladi.) Ba’zi ma’ruzachilarda dumaloq schwa ham bo’lishi mumkin, [ɵ̞] kabi so’zlarda ishlatiladi tashlab qo’yish [ɵ̞ˈmɪʃən] . [61]
            • [men] , kabi baxtliy, kofee, ko’plab lahjalarda (boshqalari bor [ɪ] bu holatda). [62] Buning fonematik holati [men] o’rnatish oson emas. Ba’zi mualliflar uni fonematik ravishda yaqin unli bo’lmagan unli tovush bilan mos keladi deb hisoblashadi
            • KIT na u
            • QO’YING ; asosan bu unli tovushlar orasidagi qarama-qarshilik neytrallashgan sharoitda sodir bo’ladi, [63][64][65] degan ma’noni anglatadi arxifonema, yozilishi mumkin / men / . Ko’pgina ma’ruzachilar, shunga o’xshash so’zlarning juftligida farq qiladi o’rganilgan va tirnoqli yoki Taksilar va soliqlar; kontrast bo’lishi mumkin [men] va boshqalar [ɪ] , [ɪ] va boshqalar [ə] yoki [men] va boshqalar [ə] , shuning uchun ba’zi mualliflar bu baxtli– unli fonematik ravishda yoki unli bilan aniqlanishi kerak
            • KIT yoki bu
            • QO’YING , karnayga qarab. [66] Shuningdek qarang baxtli– tortish.
            • [u] , kabi inflsizence, to har biri. Bu orqaga yumaloq hamkasb [men] yuqorida tavsiflangan; uning fonematik holati u erda keltirilgan asarlarda ko’rib chiqiladi.

            Leksik stress

            Asosiy maqola: Ingliz tilidagi stress va unlilarni kamaytirish

            Leksik stress ingliz tilida fonemik. Masalan, ism yildaburish va fe’l yildaburish stressni birinchi bo’g’inga, ikkinchisiga ikkinchi bo’g’inga joylashishi bilan ajralib turadi. (Qarang boshlang’ich-stressdan kelib chiqqan ism.) Ingliz tilidagi stressli hecalar stresssiz hecalarga qaraganda balandroq, shuningdek uzunroq va balandligi balandroq. An’anaviy yondashuvlarda, bir nechta ingliz tilidagi bir nechta so’zlardan iborat hece, har bir bo’g’inga uchta stress darajasidan biri berilgan: birlamchi, ikkilamchi yoki stresssiz. Odatda, har bir bunday so’zda asosiy urg’u bilan bitta hece bo’ladi, ehtimol ikkilamchi stressga ega bo’lgan bir hece, qolgan qismi esa stresssiz. Masalan, so’z amazing ikkinchi bo’g’inda asosiy stressga ega, birinchi va uchinchi bo’g’inlar esa stresssiz, so’z esa yokiganization to’rtinchi bo’g’inda asosiy, ikkinchi darajali stressda, ikkinchi, uchinchi va beshinchi stresssiz. Bu ko’pincha. Yordamida talaffuz tugmalarida ko’rsatiladi IPA asosiy va ikkilamchi stress uchun belgilar (ular mos ravishda ˈ va ˈ), ular qo’llaniladigan bo’g’inlardan oldin joylashtirilgan. Shuning uchun hozir berilgan ikki so’z ifodalanishi mumkin (ichida RP ) kabi / əˈmeɪzɪŋ / va / ˌƆːɡanaɪˈzeɪʃən / . Ba’zi tahlilchilar qo’shimcha stress darajasini aniqlaydilar (uchinchi darajali stress). Bu, odatda, ikkinchi darajali stressga qaraganda kamroq kuch bilan talaffuz qilinadigan hecalarga taalluqlidir, ammo shunga qaramay, “to’liq” yoki “kamaytirilmagan” unlini o’z ichiga oladi (qisqartirilgan deb hisoblanadigan unlilar Ingliz tili fonologiyasi § Urg’usiz hecalar yuqorida). Shuning uchun ning uchinchi bo’g’ini tashkilot, bilan talaffuz qilinsa / aɪ / yuqorida ko’rsatilganidek (qisqartirilgandan ko’ra / ɪ / yoki / ə / ), uchinchi darajali stress deb aytish mumkin. (Ikkilamchi va uchinchi darajadagi stressni aniq identifikatsiyalash tahlillar o’rtasida farq qiladi; lug’atlarda odatda uchinchi darajali stress ko’rsatilmaydi, ammo ba’zilari barcha bo’g’inlarni kamaytirilmagan unlilar bilan kamida ikkilamchi stressga ega deb belgilashga yondashgan.) Shunday qilib, ba’zi tahlillarda leksik stress tushunchasi unli tovushlarni qisqartirish bilan ziddiyatli bo’lishi mumkin. Ushbu ikkalasini ajratishga urinish yondashuvi tomonidan ta’minlanadi Piter Ladefoged, kim ingliz tilini faqat bitta darajadagi stress bilan ta’riflash mumkin, deb ta’kidlaydi stresssiz heceler uchun fonematik jihatdan ajralib turadi unlilarni kamaytirish. [70] [71] Ushbu yondashuvda birlamchi va ikkilamchi stressni ajratish fonemik xususiyat emas, balki fonetik yoki prosodik detal sifatida qaraladi – birlamchi stress stressga tushadigan “tonik” stressning misoli sifatida qaraladi. final a-ning ta’kidlangan hecesi prosodik birlik. Ushbu tahlil haqida batafsil ma’lumot uchun qarang Ingliz tilidagi stress va unlilarni kamaytirish. Stressni prosodik xususiyat sifatida (so’zlar ichida alohida so’zlarni ta’kidlash), qarang § Prosodik stress quyida.

            Fonotaktika

            Fonotaktika tillarda paydo bo’ladigan fonemalar ketma-ketligini va ular hosil bo’ladigan tovush tuzilmalarini o’rganishdir. Ushbu tadqiqotda odatda undoshlarni C harfi bilan, unlilarni V harfi bilan ifodalash odatiy holdir, shuning uchun “be” kabi bo’g’in CV tuzilishiga ega deb ta’riflanadi. The IPA hecalar orasidagi bo’linishni ko’rsatish uchun ishlatiladigan belgi nuqta [.] . Silllabifikatsiya – bu uzluksiz nutqni diskret hecalarga ajratish jarayoni, bu erda hece bo’linishining joylashuvi har doim ham osonlikcha qaror topavermaydi. Dunyoning aksariyat tillari shevalanadi CVCV va CVCCV kabi ketma-ketliklar /CV.CV/ va /CVC.CV/ yoki /CV.CCV/ , quyidagi undoshlarni o’z ichiga olgan hecaning boshlanishi vazifasini bajaruvchi undoshlar bilan. Bir qarashga ko’ra, ingliz tili bu borada odatiy emas, chunki ta’kidlangan hecalar quyidagi undoshlarni jalb qiladi, shuning uchun VCVCV va VCVCCV kabi heceleyiniz /ˈCVC.V/ va /ˈCVCC.V/ , undosh klaster ekan CC mumkin bo’g’in koda; bunga qo’chimcha, / r / ikkala bo’g’in stresssiz bo’lsa ham imtiyozli ravishda oldingi unli bilan hece qiladi, shunday qilib CVrV kabi sodir bo’ladi /CVr.V/ . Bu ishlatilgan tahlil Longman talaffuzi lug’ati. [72] Biroq, ushbu fikr keyingi bobda tushuntirilgani kabi keng qabul qilinmaydi.

            Bo’g’im tuzilishi

            The hece ingliz tilidagi tuzilish (C) 3 V (C) 5 , yaqin maksimal misol bilan kuchli tomonlari ( / strɛŋkθs / , garchi uni talaffuz qilish mumkin bo’lsa ham / strɛŋθs / ). [B] Fonetik nuqtai nazardan, hece tuzilmalarini tahlil qilish juda murakkab vazifa: artikulyatsiya ustma-ust tushishining keng tarqalganligi sababli ingliz tilida so’zlashuvchilar kamdan-kam hollarda ba’zi bir undoshlarni ovozli klasterlarda ovozli ravishda chiqaradilar. [73] Ushbu koartikulyatsiya artikulyatsiya imo-ishoralariga olib kelishi mumkin, ular o’chirish yoki to’liq assimilyatsiya kabi ko’rinadi. Masalan, yuz funt kabi ko’rinishi mumkin [hʌndɹɪb paʊndz] va orqaga sakradi (sekin nutqda, [dʒʌmptbæk] ) kabi ko’rinishi mumkin [dʒʌmpbæk] , ammo rentgen [74] va elektropalatografik [75] [76] [77] tadqiqotlar shuni ko’rsatadiki, eshitilmaydigan va ehtimol zaiflashgan aloqalar yoki til imo-ishoralari hali ham amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Shunday qilib, ikkinchi / d / yilda yuz funt lab artikulyatsiya joyiga to’liq singib ketmaydi, aksincha lab ishorasi alveolyar bilan birgalikda sodir bo’ladi; “yo’qolgan” [t] yilda orqaga sakradi eshitilmasa ham, hali ham ifoda etilishi mumkin. Bo’g’inlarga bo’lish qiyin soha bo’lib, turli xil nazariyalar taklif qilingan. Keng tarqalgan yondashuv bu maksimal boshlanish printsipi: [78] bunda ma’lum bir cheklovlarga rioya qilingan holda, unlilar orasidagi har qanday undoshlar quyidagi bo’g’inga tayinlanishi kerakligi aytilgan. Shunday qilib so’z ketish bo’linishi kerak /ˈLiː.vɪŋ/ dan ko’ra * /ˈLiːv.ɪŋ/ va shoshilinch bu /ˈHeɪ.sti/ dan ko’ra * /ˈHeɪs.ti/ yoki * /ˈHest.i/ . Ammo, agar bunday bo’linish ingliz tilida ruxsat etilmagan boshlang’ich klasterga olib kelsa, bo’linish buni hurmat qilishi kerak. Shunday qilib, agar so’z qo’shimcha bo’lindi * /ˈƐ.kstrə/ Natijada ikkinchi bo’g’inning boshlanishi bo’ladi / kstr / , dastlab ingliz tilida uchramaydigan klaster. Bo’lim /ˈƐk.strə/ shuning uchun afzallik beriladi. Agar quyidagi bo’g’inga undosh yoki undoshlarni berish oldingi bo’g’inning qisqartirilmagan qisqa unli bilan tugashiga olib keladigan bo’lsa, bunga yo’l qo’yilmaydi. Shunday qilib so’z vergul (RPda) bo’linishi kerak /ˈKɒm.ə/ emas * /ˈKɒ.ma/ , garchi oxirgi bo’linish quyidagi bo’g’inga maksimal boshlanishni beradi. Ba’zi hollarda, hech qanday echim to’liq qoniqtirmaydi: masalan, ingliz tilida (RP) so’z shoshiling bo’linishi mumkin edi /ˈHʌ.ri/ yoki /ˈH.r.i/ , ammo birinchisi hece-final bilan tahlilga olib keladi / ʌ / (bu sodir bo’lmaydi deb hisoblanadi), ikkinchisi esa hece finaliga olib keladi / r / (bu talaffuzda bo’lmaydi deyilgan). Ba’zi fonologlar o’rtadagi undosh har ikkala bo’g’inga tegishli bo’lgan va quyidagicha ta’riflanadigan murosaga asoslangan tahlilni taklif qilishdi. ikkilamchi. [79] [80] Shu tarzda tahlil qilishni taklif qilish mumkin shoshiling hecalardan iborat / soat / va / ri / , medial / r / ambisyllabic. Agar bo’linish so’z chegarasi yoki qo’shma so’z elementlari orasidagi chegara bilan mos keladigan bo’lsa, lug’atlarda so’zlarni qarshi intuitiv tarzda ajratadigan tarzda maksimal boshlanish tamoyilini talab qilish odatiy hol emas; shunday qilib so’z apparat bo’lingan bo’lar edi /ˈHɑː.dwee/ M.O.P. tomonidan, lekin lug’atlar bo’linishni afzal ko’radi /ˈH.d.wee/ . [81] [82] [83] Tomonidan ishlatiladigan yondashuvda Longman talaffuzi lug’ati, Uells [72] oldingi unli yanada ravshan bo’g’inning yadrosi bo’lganida undoshlar unliga ergashish o’rniga avvalgi bilan siljiydi, ta’kidlangan bo’g’inlar eng ko’zga ko’ringan, bo’g’inlar eng kichik va to’liq urg’usiz unlilar (“ikkinchi darajali stress”) oraliq bo’ladi. Leksik farqlar ham mavjud, ko’pincha, lekin faqat qo’shma so’zlar bilan emas. Masalan, ichida delfin va xudbin, Uells ta’kidlagan hece tugaydi deb ta’kidlaydi / lf / , lekin qisqichbaqalar, The / f / quyidagi heceye tegishli: /ˈDɒlf.ɪn, ˈself.ɪʃ / → [Ɒdɒlfɪ̈n, o’zimɪ̈ʃ] , lekin /ˈƩel.fɪʃ/ → [ˈƩelˑfɪʃ] , qaerda / l / biroz uzunroq va / ɪ / kamaytirilmaydi. Xuddi shunday, ichida oyoq bilaguzuk Uells ikkinchisi deb ta’kidlaydi / t / odatdagidek hece boshlanishida to’liq plosivdir, aksincha tost-rack ikkinchisi / t / ko’p shevalarda nashr etilmagan allofonga qisqartirilgan bo’lib, hece kodlarini oladi yoki hattoki tanlanadi: /ˈToʊ.stræp/, /ˈtoʊst.ræk/ → [ˈToˑʊstɹæp, ˈtoʊs (t̚) ɹæk] ; xuddi shunday nitrat /ˈNaɪ.treɪt/ → [ˈNaɪtɹ̥eɪt] ovozsiz bilan / r / (va ba’zi odamlar uchun buzilgan tr kabi daraxt), va boshqalar tungi narx /ˈNaɪt.reɪt/ → [ˈNaɪt̚ɹeɪt] ovozli bilan / r / . Bo’g’in chegaralarini belgilashga hecaning intilish aspiratsiyasi va (AQShda) kodaning chayqalishi kiradi. / t, d / (masxara qilish /ə.ˈtiːz/ → [əˈtʰiːz] va boshqalar bemalol /ət.ˈiːz/ → [əɾˈiːz] ) kabi epentetik to’xtaydi [t] heca kodlarida (panjara / Ensfens / → [Beshlik] lekin ichida /ɪn.ˈsaɪd/ → [ɪnˈsaɪd] ) va r rangidagi unlilar qachon / r / u boshlanganda koda va labializatsiya bilan bo’ladi (kalitlar dastasi /ˈKiː.rɪŋ/ → [ˈKiːɹʷɪŋ] lekin qo’rqish /ˈFiːr.ɪŋ/ → [ˈFɪəɹɪŋ] ).

            Boshlanishi

            Quyidagilar quyidagicha bo’lishi mumkin boshlanish:

            Barcha yagona undosh fonemalar bundan mustasno / ŋ /
            To’xtang, bundan tashqari taxminiy / j / : / pl / , / bl / , / kl / , / ul / , / pr / , / br / , / tr / , [a] / dr / , [a] / kr / , / yr / , / tw / , / dw / , / ww / , / kw / , / pw / o’ynash, qon, toza, qo’lqop, sovrin, olib kel, daraxt, [a] orzu, [a] olomon, yashil, egizak, mitti, Guam, tezkor, puansans
            Ovozsiz frikativ yoki / v / plyusdan boshqa taxminiy / j / : [b] / fl / , / sl / , / ul / , [c] / fr / , / yr / , / yr / , / soat / , [d] / sw / , / ww / , / vw / qavat, uxlash, thlipsis, [c] do’stim, uchta, qisqichbaqalar, nima, [d] belanchak, to’siq, suv ombori
            Undosh ortiqcha / j / (oldin / uː / yoki uning o’zgartirilgan / qisqartirilgan shakllari): [e] / pj / , / bj / , / tj / , [e] / dj / , [e] / kj / , / ɡj / , / mj / , / nj / , [e] / fj / , / vj / , / θj / , [e] / sj / , [e] / zj / , [e] / hj / , / lj / [e] toza, chiroyli, kolba, [e] davomida, [e] yoqimli, janjal, musiqa, yangi, [e] oz, ko’rish, thew, [e] kostyum, [e] Zevs, [e] ulkan, noaniq [e]
            / s / ortiqcha ovozsiz to’xtash: [f] / sp / , / st / , / sk / gapirish, to’xtash, mahorat
            / s / bundan tashqari burun / ŋ / : [f] / sm / , / sn / tabassum, qor
            / s / ortiqcha ovozsiz fritiv: [c] / sf / , / sθ / shar, stenik
            / s / ortiqcha ovozsiz to’xtash va taxminiy: [f] / spl / , / skl / , [c] / spr / , / str / , / skr / , / skw / , / smj / , / spj / , / stj / , [e] / skj / split, sclera, spring, street, scream, square, smew, spew, student, [e] shish
            / s / plus voiceless fricative plus approximant: [c] /sfr/ sfragistika

            Izohlar:

            1. ^ abvd For certain speakers, / tr / va / dr / tend to affricate, so that daraxt resembles “chree”, and orzu qilish resembles “jream”. [84][85][86] This is sometimes transcribed as [tʃr] va [dʒr] respectively, but the pronunciation varies and may, for example, be closer to [tʂ] va [dʐ] [87] or with a fricative release similar in quality to the rhotic, i.e. [tɹ̝̊ɹ̥] , [dɹ̝ɹ] , yoki [tʂɻ] , [dʐɻ] .
            2. ^ Some northern and insular Scottish dialects, particularly in Shetland, preserve onsets such as / ɡn / (kabi.) tishlamoq), / kn / (kabi.) taqillatish) va / wr / yoki / vr / (kabi.) yozmoq). [88][89]
            3. ^ abvde Words beginning in unusual consonant clusters that originated in Latinized Greek loanwords tend to drop the first phoneme, as in * /bd/ , * / fθ / , * / ɡn / , * / soat / , * / kn / , * / ks / , * / kt / , * / kθ / , * / mn / , * /pn/ , * /ps/ , * / pt / , * /tm/ va * /θm/ bo’lib qoldi / d / (bdellium), / θ / (ftizi kasalligi), / n / (gnome), / r / (ritm), / n / (cnidoblast), / z / (ksilofon), / t / (ktenofor), / θ / (xtonik), / n / (mnemonik), / n / (zotiljam), / s / (psixologiya), / t / (pterodaktil), / m / (tmesis) va / m / (Astma). However, the onsets /sf/ , /sfr/ , / skl / , /sθ/ va /θl/ have remained intact.
            4. ^ ab The onset /hw/ ga soddalashtirilgan / w / in the majority of dialects (vino–xirillash birlashish ).
            5. ^ abvdefghmenjklmnopq Clusters ending / j / typically occur before / uː / va oldin DAVOLASH vowel (General American /ʊr/ , RP / ʊə / ); they may also come before the reduced form / ʊ / (kabi.) argument) yoki hatto / er / (in the American pronunciation of figuqayta). There is an ongoing sound change (yod tushirish ) by which / j / as the final consonant in a klaster yo’qolmoqda. In RP, words with /sj/ va / lj / can usually be pronounced with or without this sound, e.g. [suːt] yoki [sjuːt] . For some speakers of English, including some British speakers, the sound change is more advanced and so, for example, General American does not contain the onsets / tj / , / dj / , / nj / , /θj/ , /sj/ , /stj/ , /zj/ , yoki / lj / . Words that would otherwise begin in these onsets drop the / j / masalan: naycha ( /tub/ ), davomida ( /ˈdʊrɪŋ/ ), yangi ( / nu / ), Thule ( /ˈθuli/ ), kostyum ( /sut/ ), talaba ( /ˈstudənt/ ), Zevs ( /zus/ ), lurid ( /ˈlʊrɪd/ ). In some dialects, such Uels ingliz tili, / j / may occur in more combinations; masalan /tʃj/ (chaynash), /dʒj/ (Yahudiy), /ʃj/ (aniq) va /slj/ (o’ldirdi).
            6. ^ abv Many clusters beginning with / ʃ / and paralleling native clusters beginning with / s / are found initially in German and Yiddish loanwords, such as /ʃl/ , / ʃp / , / ʃt / , /ʃm/ , /ʃn/ , /ʃpr/ , /ʃtr/ (in words such as schlep, spiel, shtick, schmuck, schnapps, Shprintzen’s, strudel). /ʃw/ is found initially in the Hebrew loanword schwa. Oldin / r / however, the native cluster is /ʃr/ . The opposite cluster / sr / is found in loanwords such as Shri-Lanka, but this can be nativized by changing it to /ʃr/ .

            Other onsets

            Certain English onsets appear only in contractions: e.g. /zbl/ (‘sblood) va /zw/ yoki /dzw/ (‘swounds yoki ‘dswounds). Ba’zilar, masalan /pʃ/ (pshaw), /fw/ (fwoosh), yoki / vr / (vroom), can occur in kesmalar. An archaic voiceless fricative plus nasal exists, /fn/ (fnese), as does an archaic /snj/ (snew).

            Several additional onsets occur in qarz so’zlari (with varying degrees of anglicization) such as /bw/ (bwana), /mw/ (moira), /nw/ (noire), /tsw/ (zwitterion), /zw/ (zwieback), / dv / (Dvorak), / kv / (kvetch), /ʃv/ (schvartze), /tv/ (Tver), /tsv/ (Tsvikau), /kdʒ/ (Kjell), / kʃ / (Kshatriya), / tl / (Tlalok), / vl / (Vladimir), /zl/ (zlotiya), /tsk/ (Tsxinvali), /hm/ (Xmong) va /km/ (Kxmer).

            Some clusters of this type can be converted to regular English phonotactics by simplifying the cluster: e.g. / (d) z / (dziggetai), /(h)r/ (Xrolf), /kr(w)/ (kruvasan), /(ŋ)w/ (Nguyen ), /(p)f/ (pfennig), /(f)θ/ (phthalic), / (t) s / (tsunami), /(ǃ)k/ (!kung) va /k(ǁ)/ (Xosa).

            Others can be replaced by native clusters differing only in ovoz: /zb ~ sp/ (sbirro) va /zɡr ~ skr/ (sgraffito).

            Yadro

            The following can occur as the yadro:

            • All vowel sounds
            • / m / , / n / va / l / in certain situations (see below under word-level patterns )
            • / r / yilda rhotic varieties of English (e.g. Umumiy Amerika ) in certain situations (see below under word-level patterns )

            Koda

            Most (in theory, all) of the following except those that end with / s / , / z / , / ʃ / , / ʒ / , / tʃ / yoki / dʒ / bilan kengaytirilishi mumkin / s / yoki / z / vakili morfema -s/-z. Similarly, most (in theory, all) of the following except those that end with / t / yoki / d / bilan kengaytirilishi mumkin / t / yoki / d / representing the morpheme -t/-d.

            Wells (1990) argues that a variety of syllable codas are possible in English, even /ntr, ndr/ kabi so’zlar bilan kirish /ˈɛntr.ɪ/ va har xil /ˈsʌndr.ɪ/ , bilan / tr, dr / being treated as affricates along the lines of / tʃ, dʒ / . He argues that the traditional assumption that pre-vocalic consonants form a syllable with the following vowel is due to the influence of languages like French and Latin, where syllable structure is CVC.CVC regardless of stress placement. Disregarding such contentious cases, which do not occur at the ends of words, the following sequences can occur as the koda:

            The single consonant phonemes except / soat / , / w / , / j / va, ichida non-rhotic varieties, / r /
            Lateral approximant plus stop or affricate: /lp/ , /funt/ , / lt / , / ld / , /ltʃ/ , /ldʒ/ , / lk / help, bulb, belt, hold, belch, indulge, milk
            In rhotic varieties, / r / plus stop or affricate: /rp/ , /rb/ , /rt/ , / rd / , /rtʃ/ , /rdʒ/ , /rk/ , /rɡ/ harp, orb, fort, beard, arch, large, mark, morgue
            Lateral approximant + fricative: / lf / , /lv/ , /lθ/ , / ls / , /lz/ , /lʃ/ golf, solve, wealth, else, bells, Welsh
            In rhotic varieties, / r / + fricative: /rf/ , /rv/ , /rθ/ , / rs / , /rz/ , / rʃ / dwarf, carve, north, force, Mars, marsh
            Lateral approximant + nasal: /lm/ , /ln/ film, kiln
            In rhotic varieties, / r / + nasal or lateral: /rm/ , / rn / , / rl / arm, born, snarl
            Nasal + gomorganik stop or affricate: / mp / , / nt / , / nd / , / ntʃ / , / ndʒ / , / ŋk / jump, tent, end, lunch, lounge, pink
            Nasal + fricative: /mf/ , /mθ/ , /nθ/ , / ns / , / nz / , /ŋθ/ in some varieties triumph, warmth, month, prince, bronze, length
            Voiceless fricative plus voiceless stop: / ft / , / sp / , / st / , / sk / left, crisp, lost, ask
            Two voiceless fricatives: / fθ / beshinchi
            Two voiceless stops: / pt / , / kt / opt, act
            Stop plus fricative: /pθ/ , /ps/ , / tθ / , / ts / , /dθ/ , / dz / , / ks / depth, lapse, eighth, klutz, width, adze, box
            Lateral approximant + two consonants: /lpt/ , /lps/ , /lfθ/ , /lts/ , /lst/ , /lkt/ , /lks/ sculpt, alps, twelfth, waltz, whilst, mulct, calx
            In rhotic varieties, / r / + two consonants: /rmθ/ , /rpt/ , /rps/ , /rts/ , /rst/ , /rkt/ warmth, excerpt, corpse, quartz, horst, infarct
            Nasal + homorganic stop + stop or fricative: /mpt/ , / mps / , /ndθ/ , /ŋkt/ , / son / , /ŋkθ/ in some varieties prompt, glimpse, thousandth, distinct, jinx, length
            Three obstruents: /ksθ/ , /kst/ sixth, next

            For some speakers, a fricative before / θ / is elided so that these never appear phonetically: /fɪfθ/ bo’ladi [fɪθ] , /sɪksθ/ bo’ladi [sɪkθ] , [ JSSV? ] /twɛlfθ/ bo’ladi [twɛlθ] .

            Syllable-level patterns

            • Syllables may consist of a single vowel, meaning that onset and coda are not mandatory.
            • The consonant / ŋ / does not occur in syllable-initial position.
            • The consonant / soat / does not occur in syllable-final position.
            • Onset clusters ending in / j / ortidan / uː / or its variants (see note 5 above).
            • Long vowels and diphthongs are not found before / ŋ / , except for the mimetic words boing va oink, unassimilated foreign words such as Burmese aung and proper names such as Taung, and American-type pronunciations of words like kuchli (which have / ɔŋ / yoki / ɑŋ / ). Qisqa unlilar /ɛ, ʊ/ occur before / ŋ / only in assimilated non-native words such as ginseng va Sung (name of dynasty) or non-finally in some dialects in words like kuch va uzunlik
            • / ʊ / is rare in syllable-initial position [C] (although in the northern half of England, [ʊ] uchun ishlatiladi / ʌ / and is common at the start of syllables).
            • Stop + / w / oldin /uː, ʊ, ʌ, aʊ/ (all presently or historically / u (ː) / ) chiqarib tashlandi. [90]
            • Ketma-ketliklari / s / + C1 + V̆ + C1, bu erda C1 is a consonant other than / t / and V̆ is a short vowel, are virtually nonexistent. [90]

            Word-level patterns

            • / ə / does not occur in stressed syllables.
            • / ʒ / does not occur in word-initial position in native English words, although it can occur syllable-initially as in hashamatli /lʌɡˈʒʊəriəs/ , and at the start of borrowed words such as janr.
            • / m / , / n / , / l / va, ichida rhotic varieties, / r / can be the syllable nucleus (i.e. a hecalı undosh ) in an unstressed syllable following another consonant, especially / t / , / d / , / s / yoki / z / . Such syllables are often analyzed phonemically as having an underlying / ə / as the nucleus. See above under Undoshlar.
            • Qisqa unlilar tekshirilgan unlilar, in that they cannot occur without a coda in a word-final stressed syllable. (This does not apply to / ə / , which does not occur in stressed syllables at all.)

            Prosody

            The prosodik features of English – stress, rhythm, and intonation – can be described as follows.

            Prosodik stress

            Prosodik stress is extra stress given to words or syllables when they appear in certain positions in an utterance, or when they receive special emphasis.

            According to Ladefoged’s analysis (as referred to under Lexical stress § Notes above), English normally has prosodic stress on the final stressed syllable in an intonation unit. This is said to be the origin of the distinction traditionally made at the lexical level between primary and secondary stress: when a word like hayrat (traditionally transcribed as something like /ˌædmɪˈreɪʃən/ ) is spoken in isolation, or at the end of a sentence, the syllable ra (the final stressed syllable) is pronounced with greater force than the syllable reklama, although when the word is not pronounced with this final intonation there may be no difference between the levels of stress of these two syllables.

            Prosodic stress can shift for various amaliy functions, such as focus or contrast. For instance, in the dialogue Is it brunch tomorrow? No, it’s kechki ovqat ertaga, the extra stress shifts from the last stressed syllable of the sentence, gamorqator, to the last stressed syllable of the emphasized word, dinner.

            Grammatik funktsiya so’zlari are usually prosodically unstressed, although they can acquire stress when emphasized (as in Did you find the cat? Well, I found a mushuk). Many English function words have distinct strong and weak pronunciations; masalan, so’z a in the last example is pronounced / eɪ / , while the more common unstressed a talaffuz qilinadi / ə / . Qarang Ingliz tilidagi zaif va kuchli shakllar.

            Ritm

            English is claimed to be a stressga asoslangan til. That is, stressed syllables tend to appear with a more or less regular rhythm, while non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate this. Masalan, gapda One make of car is better than another, the syllables bitta, qilish, mashina, bett- va -noth- will be stressed and relatively long, while the other syllables will be considerably shorter. The theory of stress-timing predicts that each of the three unstressed syllables in between bett- va -noth- will be shorter than the syllable ning o’rtasida qilish va mashina, because three syllables must fit into the same amount of time as that available for ning. However, it should not be assumed that all varieties of English are stress-timed in this way. The English spoken in the West Indies, [91] Afrikada [92] and in India [93] are probably better characterized as hece-timed, though the lack of an agreed scientific test for categorizing an accent or language as stress-timed or syllable-timed may lead one to doubt the value of such a characterization. [94]

            Intonatsiya

            Qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar: Intonation (linguistics) § English

            Phonological contrasts in intonation can be said to be found in three different and independent domains. In the work of Halliday [95] the following names are proposed:

            • Tonallik for the distribution of continuous speech into tone groups.
            • Toniklik for the placing of the principal accent on a particular syllable of a word, making it the tonic syllable. This is the domain also referred to as prosodic stress yoki jumla stressi.
            • Ohang for the choice of pitch movement on the tonic syllable. (The use of the term ohang in this sense should not be confused with the ohang of tone languages, such as Chinese.)

            These terms (“the Three Ts”) have been used in more recent work, [96] [97] though they have been criticized for being difficult to remember. [98] American systems such as TobI also identify contrasts involving boundaries between intonation phrases (Halliday’s tonallik), placement of pitch accent (toniklik), and choice of tone or tones associated with the pitch accent (ohang).

            Example of phonological contrast involving placement of intonation unit boundaries (boundary marked by comma):

            1. Those who ran quickly, escaped. (the only people who escaped were those who ran quickly)
            2. Those who ran, quickly escaped. (the people who ran escaped quickly)

            Example of phonological contrast involving placement of tonic syllable (marked by capital letters):

            1. I have plans to LEAVE. (= Men ketishni rejalashtirmoqdaman)
            2. Ketish uchun rejalarim bor. (= Menda bir nechta rasmlar bor)

            Ohangni tanlashni o’z ichiga olgan fonologik kontrastning misoli (ingliz inglizchasi) (tushayotgan ohang, / = ko’tarilish tonusi)

            1. U WIND tufayli rekordni buzmadi. (= u rekordni buzmadi, chunki shamol uni ushlab turdi)
            2. / WIND tufayli u rekordni buzmadi. (= u rekordni yangilagan, ammo shamol tufayli emas)

            Odatda ohangni o’z ichiga olgan kontrast mavjud savollar va ha / yo’q savollar, birinchisi tushayotgan ohangga ega (masalan: “Qaerga qo’ydingiz?”) va ikkinchisi ko’tarilayotgan ohang (masalan, “Ketasizmi / OUT?”), garchi spontan nutqni o’rganish natijasida ushbu qoidadan tez-tez istisnolar ko’rsatilsa. [99] Savollarni belgilash ma’lumot so’rashda ko’tarilayotgan ohanglar ko’tarilishi aytiladi (masalan: “Ular seshanba kuni kelishadi, YO’Q, ular shunday emasmi?”), tasdiqlashni so’raganlar esa pasayish ohangiga ega (masalan, “Ismingiz Jon, u emas.”).

            Inglizcha talaffuz tarixi

            Asosiy maqola: Ingliz tilining fonologik tarixi

            Ingliz tilining talaffuz tizimi til tarixi davomida ko’plab o’zgarishlarga duch keldi qadimiy ingliz tilining fonologik tizimi, ga O’rta ingliz tilida, hozirgi kunga qadar. O’zgarish lahjalar har doim muhim bo’lgan. Ko’p so’zlarning oldingi talaffuzlari ularning imlosida aks ettirilgan Ingliz orfografiyasi O’rta ingliz davridan beri odatda fonologik o’zgarishlarga mos kelmaydi.

            Ingliz tili undoshlari tizimi vaqt o’tishi bilan nisbatan barqaror bo’lib kelgan bo’lsa-da bir qator muhim o’zgarishlar sodir bo’lgan. Bunga misollarning yo’qolishi (ko’p lahjalarda) kiradi [ç] va [x] kabi so’zlarda hanuzgacha reflectedgh⟩ aks etgan tovushlar kecha va o’rgatganva fritivlarning ovozli va ovozsiz allofonlarini alohida fonemalarga ajratish (masalan, ikki xil ⟨th⟩ bilan ifodalangan fonemalar ). Bundan tashqari, ko’p bo’lgan undosh klasterlardagi o’zgarishlar, asosan qisqartirishlar, masalan, wr-⟨, ⟨kn-⟩ va shunga o’xshash harf birikmalarining odatdagi zamonaviy talaffuzlarini keltirib chiqaradiganlar. ⟨Wh-⟩.

            The unlilarning rivojlanishi ancha murakkab bo’lgan. Eng muhim qator o’zgarishlardan biri bu Buyuk unli tovushlarni almashtirish, taxminan 14 asr oxirlarida boshlangan. Mana [iː] va [uː] kabi so’zlar bilan narx va og’iz diftonglashdi va boshqa uzun unlilar balandlashdi: [eː] bo’ldi [iː] (kabi.) uchrashmoq), [aː] bo’ldi [eː] va keyinroq [eɪ] (kabi.) ism), [oː] bo’ldi [uː] (kabi.) g’oz) va [ɔː] bo’ldi [oː] va keyinroq [oʊ] (hozir RP da [əʊ] ; kabi suyak). Ushbu siljishlar ko’plab yozilgan unli birikmalarning zamonaviy talaffuzi uchun javob beradi, shu jumladan a jim final ⟨e⟩.

            Asrlar davomida unlilar tarkibidagi boshqa ko’plab o’zgarishlar yuz bergan (qarang. Haqidagi alohida maqolalarga qarang kam orqa, yuqori orqa va yuqori old unlilar, qisqa A va diftonglar ). Ushbu turli xil o’zgarishlar shuni anglatadiki, ilgari qofiyalangan ko’p so’zlar (va ularning imlosiga qarab qofiya bo’lishi kutilgan bo’lishi mumkin). [100] Masalan, ichida Shekspir Buyuk unli tovush almashinuvidan keyin, ovqat, yaxshi va qon barchasida unli bor edi [uː] , ammo zamonaviy talaffuzda yaxshi qisqartirildi [ʊ] , esa qon qisqartirilgan va pastga tushirilgan [ʌ] aksariyat aksentlarda. Boshqa hollarda, ilgari alohida bo’lgan so’zlar bir xil talaffuz qilinmoqda – bunday qo’shilishning misollari kiradi kutib olish – go’sht, pane-og’riq va toe-tow.

            Shuningdek qarang

            • Avstraliya ingliz fonologiyasi
            • Ingliz orfografiyasi
            • Yunoncha harflarning inglizcha talaffuzi
            • Umumiy Amerika
            • Ingliz tiliga xos bo’lmagan talaffuzlar
            • Qadimgi ingliz fonologiyasi
            • Yapon tilida so’zlashuvchilar tomonidan ingliz tilini anglash / r / va / l /
            • Fonologik rivojlanish
            • Ingliz unlilarining fonologik tarixi
            • Ingliz tili undoshlarining fonologik tarixi
            • ⟨Th⟩ ingliz tilining talaffuzi
            • Talaffuz qilindi
            • Ingliz tilining mintaqaviy aksentlari
            • Ingliz tilidagi rhoticity
            • T-glotalizatsiya
            • R rangli unli
            • Ingliz lahjalari uchun xalqaro fonetik alifbo jadvali
            • Turkum: Ingliz fonologiyasida bo’linish va qo’shilish

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